Te Nihilism me te Koretake o te Ao
I tēnei ao tere—kī tonu i te mōhiotanga, i ngā tono mō te hua, me ngā paerewa angitu e huri haere tonu ana—he maha ngā tāngata e rongo ana i tētahi mea rerekē: kei te haere tonu te ao, engari te āhua nei kāore he aronga mārama. Ka taea te whakatutuki i ngā whakatutukitanga i muri i ngā whakatutukitanga, kei te haere tonu ngā whanaungatanga pāpori, tae noa ki te whakangahau kei te wātea me te kore here, engari kei raro i tēnā katoa he kare ā-roto o te "korekore" e uaua ana ki te whakamārama. He maha ngā wā ka kiia tēnei kare ā-roto ko te korekore o te ao. I roto i te maha o ngā wā, ka hono tēnei wheako ki tētahi whakaaro nui: te nihilism, te tirohanga kāore he tikanga tūturu o te ao.
Te Mārama ki te Nihilism: Nui Atu i te "Whakapono ki te Kore noa iho"
I te whakarapopototanga, e māramahia ana te nihilism hei whakaaro o te "kore whakapono ki tetahi mea" me te "whakaaro he koretake nga mea katoa." Heoi, i roto i te whakaaro matatika, he whānui ake, he uaua ake te whānuitanga o te nihilism. Ko te kupu e pā ana ki ngā tūranga maha e pātai ana, e whakahē ana rānei i ngā pūtake o te uara, te tikanga, te mātauranga, tae noa ki te mooni.
He maha ngā momo nihilism e kōrerohia pinepinetia ana:
1. Te koretake o te ora: te whakapono kāore he tikanga, he kaupapa, he uara ā-roto rānei o te ao.
2. Te koretake o te matatika: te tirohanga kāore he pono matatika tūturu; he mea hanga noa te pai me te kino.
3. Te nihilism epistemological: te ruarua nui e taea te whiwhi i tētahi mātauranga.
4. Te nihilism ā-whakaaroaro: te whakaaro tino nui ko te "koretake" te āhuatanga tino taketake.
I roto i te oranga o ia rā, ko te awe tino kitea ko te nihilism existential: ina pātai tetahi "he aha te take o ēnei mea katoa?" ā, kāore e kitea he whakautu e makona ai.
Te Korekore o te Ao: He Wheako Hinengaro Tuturu
Ehara i te mea he ariā noa iho te koretake o te ao. Ka taea te whakaatu hei wheako kare ā-roto, hei wheako hinengaro hoki: he kare ā-roto, he ngaronga o te aronga, he korenga o te whakatutukitanga, he pātai rānei mō te kaupapa o te ao. Ka taea e te tangata te āhua "pai" i waho, engari ka rongo ia i te momotu mai i te tikanga i roto.
He maha ngā wā ka puta tēnei āhuatanga i roto i ētahi āhuatanga, hei tauira:
– I muri i te whakatutukitanga o tētahi whāinga nui: te whakawhiwhinga tohu, te whakatairanga, te whakatutukitanga pūtea rānei kāore e puta ai te wairua "kī tonu".
– Ina pāngia koe e te mate: te matenga o tētahi e arohaina ana, te wehenga, te huringa ohorere rānei o te ao e whakangaueue ana i ngā uara tawhito.
– I roto i tētahi mahinga roa: e rite ana te ao ki tētahi huringa koretake; e pahemo ana ngā rā engari e ahua koretake ana.
– Ina hinga te tuakiri: ka ngaro whakarere te tuakiri o te tangata kua tautuhia e ia mā te mahi, te mana pāpori, te tūranga rānei.
I kī a Viktor Frankl, he tohunga hinengaro, he morehu hoki nō te puni kukū Nazi, ko tēnei āhuatanga he "koretake o te ao," he koretake e puta ake ana ina ngaro te tikanga me te aronga o te tangata. I tautohe ia ehara i te mea ko te koa, ko te mana rānei anake te mea e hiahiatia ana e te tangata, engari ko te tikanga anō hoki.
Ko Nietzsche me te "Matenga o te Atua": Te Raruraru o te Tikanga o ēnei Rā
Ko tētahi o ngā tino tangata i roto i te kōrero mō te nihilism ko Friedrich Nietzsche. Ko tana kōrero rongonui, "Kua mate te Atua," ehara i te mea he whakaeke noa iho i te whakapono, engari he tātaritanga ahurea: ko ngā uara tuku iho i noho hei tūāpapa mō te tikanga mō ngā rautau kua tīmata te ngaro i roto i te hapori hou. Ko te pūtaiao, te whakaaro tika, me te huringa pāpori i whakakorikori i ngā whakapono tawhito. I te hinganga o ngā tūāpapa tawhito, ka tūtaki te tangata ki te koretake: ki te kore he tikanga tuturu mai i waho, kei hea te tikanga o te ora e puta mai ai?
I roto i tēnei anga, ka puta ake te nihilism hei wāhanga whakawhiti. Ina memeha haere ngā uara tawhito, ka taea e tātou te whakatau "kāore he mea nui." Engari ki a Nietzsche, ko te wero tūturu ko te pēhea e taea ai e te tangata te waihanga uara hou—kaua e tuku ki te kore noa iho.
Nihilism Āhuakore me te Nihilism Kaha
Kāore e rite ana ngā urupare katoa ki te nihilism. I te nuinga o te wā, ka taea te wehewehe i ēnei:
– Te kore aro ki te mahi a te tangata: he wairua ngākau māhaki, he kore aro, he whakahawea, he wehe rānei. He oranga ngāwari te ora, kāore he hiahia ki te hanga.
– Te nihilism hohe: te waiaro o te aro atu ki te kore o te tikanga whāinga hei whai wāhitanga ki te hanga i tō ake tikanga. Ehara tēnei i te whakakore i ngā kare ā-roto, engari he maia ki te waihanga i tētahi aronga hou.
Ko te mea pono, he tokomaha te hunga e taka ana ki waenganui. He wā ka noho te koretake, engari he wā anō ka akiakihia te tangata ki te whakahou i tōna ao me te hanga uara whaiaro.
Te Korekore i te Ao o te Hokohoko me te Pāpāho Hapori
I ēnei rā hou, ka nui haere te koretake o te ao nā te ahurea kaihoko. Mā te pānuitanga me ngā pāpāho pāpori ka whakatō mārire te whakaaro ka taea te hoko i te harikoa, ka taea te hanga tuakiri mā roto i ngā taonga, ā, ka whakatauhia te mana o te tangata mā te mōhiotia whānuitia. Nō reira, ka taea e te tangata te mauhere i roto i te whai tonu i te moni, i ngā whakatutukitanga, i te whakamanatanga. Engari, he maha ngā wā ka memeha haere taua whakatutukitanga.
Ina riro te whakahari o te ngākau i te wā tonu hei mawhiti matua, ka kaha ake te koretake. Ehara i te mea he hē te whakangahau, engari ka taea e te whakangahau tonu te huna i te pātai matua: he aha te mea tino nui o ō tātou oranga?
He kino tonu te Nihilism?
He maha ngā wā ka kiia te koretake he mea whakamataku nā te mea ka whakawehi i te wairua haumaru o te tangata. Heoi, ki tētahi taumata, ka taea te waiho hei wā pono. Ina kite te tangata kāore he tikanga o te nuinga o ngā mea e whaia ana e rātou ki a rātou, ka taea te waiho hei wā hurihanga. Ka taea e te takoto kau te mahi hei "wāhi mārama" e āhei ai te tipu o tētahi mea hou.
Ehara te raruraru i te mea he tikanga tūturu tō te ao, engari ko tā tātou urupare ki taua āwangawanga. Ki te kore te tikanga e homai mai i waho, ka taea te hanga mai i roto: mā te whakapau kaha, te kawenga, me ngā mahi kua whiriwhiria e te hinengaro.
Te Hanga Tikanga: Mai i te Korekore ki te Māramatanga
Kāore e hiahiatia ana ngā whakautu nui, whakautu-katoa i te wā kotahi, hei aro atu ki te koretake o te ao. He maha ngā wā, ka hangaia te tikanga mā roto i ngā mahi pūmau:
1. Whakaaetia te koretake me te kore e whakahe i a koe anō
Ehara te āhua o te korekore i te tohu o te ngoikore o te wairua. He tohu pea tēnei me whakarite anō tō oranga.
2. Arotakehia ngā uara me ngā whāinga whaiaro
He aha ngā mea e whakanuia ana e koe ina kore he tangata e mātakitaki ana? Ko ngā uara pēnei i te pono, te manaaki, te auahatanga, te herekoretanga rānei ka taea te whakamahi hei tauira.
3. Te hanga whanaungatanga pono
He tokomaha te hunga e kitea ana te tikanga mā roto i ngā whanaungatanga: te whakahoahoa, te whānau, te hapori. Ehara i te whanaungatanga mō te mana, engari he whanaungatanga e whakarato ana i te wāhi hei tū hei tangata.
4. Waihangahia ngā mahi, ngā takoha rānei
Ka puta te tikanga ina whakaaro te tangata he whai hua ia—ehara i te mea he toa, engari mā roto i ngā mahi iti, auau.
5. Whakaaetia ngā herenga me ngā āwangawanga
Kāore te ao e hiahiatia kia tino mōhiotia kia whai hua ai. I ētahi wā, ka puta te tikanga mai i te maia ki te anga whakamua ahakoa kāore i te mārama ngā mea.
Whakamutunga: Ko te Korekore hei Pōwhiri ki te Noho Matatau
Ko te koretake o te wairua me te koretake o te ao he wāhanga o te wheako tangata, inā koa i tēnei wā e pātaihia ana ngā kaupapa tuku iho maha. Ka taea e tēnei kare o te koretake te ahua whakamataku, engari he tono anō hoki kia ora ake me te mōhio: kia arotake anō i ngā whāinga, kia whakaaroaro anō i ngā uara, kia whiriwhiri i tētahi oranga pono ake.
Ina tūtaki ki te pātai "he aha te tikanga o te ora?", kāore pea he whakautu whānui e tika ana mō te katoa. Engari koinei tonu te wāhi e takoto ai te herekoretanga: ehara i te mea ka kitea e te tangata te tikanga anake, engari ka hangaia hoki - mā roto i ā tātou whiringa, ngā herenga, me te āhua o tō tātou noho i te ao. Mena ka mea te nihilism "kāore he tikanga tuturu," ko te whakautu pakeke a te tangata ehara i te ngakaukore, engari ko te maia ki te kī: "Āe, māku e hanga taku ake tikanga."
