Te Arotake a Plato mō te Manapori
E whakaarohia ana te manapori hei momo kāwanatanga tino tika nā te mea e āhei ai te whai wāhi a te tangata whenua, ā, e tuku ana i te mana motuhake ki ngā ringa o te iwi. Heoi, i mua noa atu i te whanaketanga o te manapori hou, kua whakahē kino a Plato i tēnei pūnaha. I roto i āna mahi—ina koa ko te Politeia (Repupirika)—kāore i te whakahē noa a Plato i te whai huatanga o te manapori, engari i tautohe anō hoki kei roto i a ia ngā purapura o te whakangaromanga. I ahu mai āna whakahē i ngā wheako hītori o Ātene, i tōna kore e pai ki ngā mahi tōrangapū kī tonu i te whaikōrero, me tana whakapono me ārahi te kāwanatanga e te hunga whai whakaaro nui.
Papamuri ki te Whakahē: Te Wheako o Ātene me te Matenga o Hōkerete
I noho a Plato i roto i te horopaki tōrangapū pōrearea o Ātene. E mōhiotia ana a Ātene hei tētahi o ngā paionia o te manapori tika, i reira ngā tāngata whenua (me ētahi here: kāore he pononga, kāore he wāhine, kāore he manene) i whai wāhi ki te whakatakoto kaupapa here mā te huihuinga. Heoi anō, i pāngia hoki te manapori o Ātene e ngā raruraru, ngā pakanga, ngā pakanga ā-rohe, me ngā whakataunga tōrangapū i rerekē haere i runga i ngā kare ā-iwi.
Ko te mea tino mamae rawa atu mō Plato ko te whakamatenga o Hōkerete i te tau 399 BC. I whakawakia a Hōkerete—te kaiako a Plato—i runga i ngā whakapae mō te "whakapohehe i te rangatahi" me te "whakahē i ngā atua o te tāone." Ki a Plato, ko te matenga o Hōkerete i whakaatu i ngā tūponotanga o te whakaaro o te marea me te kare ā-roto o te nuinga e whakahē ana i ngā tāngata whakaaro nui me te kore mātauranga e tika ana. Nā tēnei i hanga tana whakatau: he ngāwari te awe i ngā whakataunga tōrangapū a te marea, ā, ka kore pea te manapori e tika ahakoa e kī ana kei te mahi i runga i te ingoa o te iwi.
Te Manapori hei Kāwanatanga e Hangai ana ki te Hiahia, Kaua ki te Mātauranga
Ko tētahi o ngā whakahē matua a Plato ko te whakaaro nui o te manapori ki te hiahia nui atu i te mātauranga (whakaaro nui). I roto i te pukapuka The Republic, ka wehewehe a Plato i waenga i te mātauranga pono mō te Pai me te whakaaro noa iho. I tautohe ia ko ngā kaupapa here tūmatanui he take uaua: te tika, te mātauranga, te pakanga, te ōhanga, me te matatika. Mena ka waiho ngā whakataunga nui ki te hunga kāore i whakangungua—ki te hunga kāore i te tino mātauranga—ka arahina te kāwanatanga e ngā whakaaro hurihuri.
I whakapono a Plato me mātau te rangatira pai, kaua ko te rongonui anake. I tētahi atu taha, ka whakatuwherahia e te manapori ngā huarahi maha mō ngā tāngata matatau ki te kukume i te marea. Nō reira, kāore i te mea he pūkenga whakahaere te hunga e whiriwhiria ana, engari he pūkenga ki te whakamanawareka i te marea me te whakahaere i ngā kare ā-roto o te katoa, ka whiriwhiria ngā rangatira.
Arotake i te Whaikōrero me te Whakapuakitanga
I tino whakapae a Plato i ngā whaikōrero tōrangapū. I roto i te ao manapori, he mea nui te pūkenga kōrero i te aroaro o te marea hei whiwhi mana. Ko te raruraru, kāore te whaikōrero i te aro tonu ki te pono. Ka taea te whakamahi hei whakakoi i ngā teka kia rite ki te pono, hei whakaatu rānei i ngā kaupapa here kino hei mea whai hua.
I roto i tēnei anga, i kite a Plato i te aranga ake o ngā kaitōrangapū—he hunga e kī ana he māngai rātou mō te iwi engari e whakamahi ana i a rātou mō te mana whaiaro. Kāore e hiahiatia kia noho ngā kaitōrangapū hei kaihautū whakaaro nui; me noho noa rātou hei "rangatira o te atamira" e kaha ana ki te waihanga hoariri noa, ki te hoko tumanako, me te oati i te makona wawe. Ki a Plato, he whenua momona te manapori mō tēnei momo kaitōrangapū, nā te mea ko te wikitoria ka whakatauhia e te whakaae a te marea, ehara i te mea nā ngā āhuatanga matatika me te hinengaro.
Te Herekore Nui me te Ngaronga o te Tikanga
He maha ngā wā ka whakanuia te manapori mō te tautoko i te herekoretanga. Kāore a Plato i whakahē i te herekoretanga hei uara, engari i whakahē ia i te ariā o te herekoretanga mutunga kore. I roto i te pukapuka The Republic (Pukapuka VIII), e whakaahua ana a Plato i te manapori hei kāwanatanga e karakia ana ki te herekoretanga tae noa ki te huri hei raruraru. E hiahia ana te katoa ki te noho i runga i ā rātou ake hiahia; e kiia ana ngā ture he pokanoa; e kiia ana te whiu he tukino.
Ina mārama te herekoretanga ki te "whakaaetia ki te mahi i tetahi mea," ka ngoikore ngā umanga e pupuri ana i te tikanga. He uaua ki te tangata te whakaae ki ngā kaupapa here kāore e pai, ahakoa he mea tika. Ka ngaro pea te ahunga o te mātauranga i te mea ka pātaihia te mana matatika me te mana hinengaro. I tēnei wā, ka ngoikore te whenua ki te koretake: ka huri ngā kaupapa here i runga i ngā au, ka piki ake te pakanga pāpori, ā, ka kaha ake ngā painga poto ki te whakamahere roa.
Ngā Whārite Hehe: Te Whakapōuri i ngā Rerekētanga Pūkenga
E tautoko ana hoki te manapori i te mātāpono o te ōritetanga. I tautohe a Plato kāore te ōritetanga o te mana tangata e tohu tonu ana i te ōritetanga o te kaha ārahi. Ki a Plato, ka puta ngā raruraru ina whakatauritea e te manapori ngā whakaaro katoa me te mea he ōrite te taumaha, ahakoa he rerekē ngā mōhiotanga me ngā hiranga o ia tangata. I roto i ngā take hangarau pēnei i te whakatere kaipuke, ka whiriwhiria e te tangata he kāpene tohunga, kāore e pōti mō ngā pāhihi. Heoi, i roto i ngā take kāwanatanga—i whakapono a Plato he uaua ake—engari ka waiho e te manapori ngā whakatau ki te nuinga o te pōti.
Ko te kupu whakarite mō te "waka kāwanatanga," e kīia ana nā Plato, e whakaatu ana i tēnei āhuatanga: ki te tere haere ngā pāhihi kāore i te mōhio ki te whakatere ki te whakatau i te ahunga, ka pakaru pea te kaipuke. Arā, me mātau te hunga whakahaere, kaua ko te mana tau anake.
Mai i te Manapori ki te Tūkino: Te Hekenga o te Huringa o te Kāwanatanga
Ko te arotake rongonui a Plato ko te ariā e kī ana ka taea e te manapori te heke hei mana whakahaere nanakia. I tautohe ia, ina kore e āraihia te herekoretanga, ka wehewehea te hapori, ka taupatupatu ngā hiahia, ka ngoikore te tikanga. I ngā wā o te pōrearea, ka tīmata te iwi ki te hiahia ki tētahi "kaiwhakaora" e oati ana mō te tikanga me te haumaru. Kātahi ka puta ake ngā tino tangata rongonui, ka whiwhi tautoko me ngā oati nui, ā, ka whakapūmau haere i te mana tae noa ki te wā ka noho hei mana whakahaere nanakia.
Ki a Plato, ehara tēnei i te mea tūpono noa iho, engari he tauira. Ko te manapori, e whakanui ana i te herekoretanga me te ōritetanga ki te taumata teitei, ka taea te waihanga i te wāhi mō te whakakotahitanga o te mana e whakangaro ana i te herekoretanga tonu. Ki tana titiro, ko te tukino te "atarangi pōuri" o te manapori: ka tīmata ki te ahuareka, ka mutu ki te tukino.
Te Huarahi kē a Plato: Te Kāwanatanga o ngā Tohunga Whakaaro
Kāore a Plato i whakahē noa; i tukuna e ia tētahi atu huarahi: he kāwanatanga tino pai e arahina ana e tētahi "kingi-tohunga whakaaro." Ki tā Plato, ehara ngā tohunga whakaaro i te hunga e pai ana ki te tautohetohe noa iho, engari he hunga e aroha ana ki te whakaaro nui, e whakaakona ana kia mārama ki te pai, ā, e kaha ana ki te whakahaere i ō rātou ake hiahia. Kāore rātou e whakahaere ana mō te taonga, mō te rongonui rānei, engari mō te tika me te pai mō te katoa.
I roto i te hoahoa a Plato, ka wehea te hapori ki ngā rōpū mahi: ngā kaiārahi (ngā tohunga whakaaro), ngā kaitiaki (ngā hōia/kaitiaki), me ngā kaihanga (ngā kaiahuwhenua, ngā kaihokohoko, ngā kaimahi). Ka puta te tika ina tutuki i ia rōpū tana mahi e ai ki tōna kaha, ā, ka whakahaere ngā kaiārahi mā te whakaaro nui, ehara i te mea mā ngā hiahia o te marea.
Heoi, he maha ngā wā ka whakahēngia tēnei whakaaro mō te mea he whakaaro rangatira pea, ā, he mea whakatuwhera hoki i te kuaha ki te mana whakahaere. Heoi, i whakanui a Plato i tētahi kōrero: me ahu mai te kāwanatanga i te pai, te mātauranga, me te mātauranga kua whakamātauhia.
Te Hiranga o te Arotake a Plato i te Ao Hou
He rerekē rawa te manapori o ēnei rā i te manapori o Ātene: kei roto ko te kaupapa ture, te wehenga o ngā mana, ngā pōtitanga māngai, te tiaki i ngā tika o te hunga tokoiti, te herekore o te hunga pāpāho, me ngā arowhai me ngā taurite. Heoi, kei te whai tikanga tonu te arotake a Plato hei whakatūpato. Ko te populism, te raweketanga mōhiohio, te tōrangapū tuakiri, te wehewehenga, me te mana o ngā kare ā-roto i roto i te ao tūmatanui e whakaatu ana he kaha tonu te manapori ki te tukinohia.
E tono ana te arotake a Plato kia pātai tātou: me pēhea te whai mōhiotanga nui ki ngā pōti? Me pēhea tātou e hanga ai i te mātauranga tōrangapū kia kore ai e ngāwari te whakahaeretia te marea? Me pēhea tātou e whakataurite ai i te herekoretanga me te kawenga? Me pēhea tātou e ārai ai i te kukū o te mana e puta mai ana i te raruraru o te manapori tonu?
Whakamutunga
Ko te whakahē a Plato i te manapori i ahu mai i te āwangawanga kei taka ngāwari te manapori ki roto i te mana o te nuinga o ngā whakaaro, ngā whaikōrero, me ngā hiahia. I tautohe ia ko te herekore mutunga kore ka arahi ki te pōrearea, ko te ōritetanga kāore i te mārama ka huna i te pūkenga, ā, ko ēnei āhuatanga ka whakatakoto i te ara mō te mana whakahaere nanakia. Ahakoa he uaua te whakatinana i te huarahi kē atu "te kīngi-tohunga" i roto i te ao hou, he mea nui tonu ngā whakaaro o Plato hei whakaaroaro arohaehae: ehara te manapori i te mea mō te pōti nuinga anake, engari mō te kounga o te mātauranga, te pai, me ngā umanga e tiaki ana i te tika.
Ki te ora tonu te manapori, me nui atu i ngā tikanga pōti anake. Me tautokona e te mātauranga, ngā tikanga matatika a te iwi, te ahurea whakaaro nui, me ngā tikanga hei ārai i te whakahaere a te tini tāngata—pērā i te whakatūpato a Plato i ngā tau e rua mano ki muri.
