Te Rapunga Whakaaro a Karl Marx mō te Rauemi Hītori
Ko te hiranga o ngā taonga tuku iho tētahi o ngā takoha tino whai mana a Karl Marx ki te mārama ki te hapori me ngā huringa o mua. Mā tēnei huarahi, i ngana a Marx ki te whakamārama ko ngā pūtake matua o te whanaketanga pāpori ehara i te mea ko ngā whakaaro tūroa, ko te matatika, ko te hiahia rānei o ngā tino tangata, engari ko ngā āhuatanga o te rauemi: te āhua o te whakaputa a te tangata i ā rātou mea e hiahiatia ana, te āhua o te whakarite mahi, me te āhua o te tohatoha i ngā hua o te whakaputanga. He maha ngā wā ka māramahia te hiranga o ngā taonga tuku iho hei "ariā hītori" a Marx, engari he whānui ake: he anga whakaaro pāpori e whakanoho ana i te ōhanga tōrangapū hei turanga nui mō te hanganga o ngā umanga, ngā ture, te ahurea, tae noa ki ngā whakaaro tangata.
Papamuri me ngā Whāinga o te Rauemi Hītori
I noho a Marx i tētahi wā o te panonitanga nui: te ahumahi, te noho tāone, me te tipu o te pūnaha whakapaipai hou i Ūropi. Nā ēnei panonitanga i whānau mai ai tētahi akomanga o ngā kaimahi ahumahi i mahi mō ngā haora roa mō ngā utu iti, me te whai rawa i ngā kaipupuri o te whakapaipai. I waenganui i tēnei āhuatanga, i whakawhanakehia e Marx tētahi arotake mō te rapunga whakaaro o te idealism i whakaarohia ai ngā whakaaro hei motuka o te hītori. I awehia ia e Hegel, inā koa te whakaaro o te dialectics (te huringa mā te whakahē), engari i whakakahoretia e ia te idealism a Hegel. Ko te dialectics a Hegel "kei runga ake i tōna mahunga," e kī ana a Marx; e hiahia ana ia ki te "hurihuri ki raro" kia tū ai ki runga i te ao tūturu.
Ko te whāinga o te rauemi hītori he whakamārama i ngā ture whānui o te huringa pāpori: he aha i pumau ai ngā hapori, he aha i pāngia ai rātou e ngā raruraru, me pēhea te puta mai o ngā momo hapori hou. Ki a Marx, kāore te huringa hītori e puta noa mai. He tauira kei reira ka taea te mārama mā te tātari i ngā hanganga whakaputa me ngā whanaungatanga mana e haere tahi ana me aua mea.
Pūtake, Hanganga Matua, me te Aratau Whakaputa
I roto i te anga o te rauemi hītori, ka wehewehe a Marx i waenga i te turanga (hanganga ōhanga) me te hanganga o runga. Kei roto i te turanga ngā kaha whakaputa (ngā tikanga whakaputa, hangarau, mahi, mātauranga hangarau) me ngā whanaungatanga whakaputa (ngā whanaungatanga pāpori i waenga i te hunga e whakahaere ana i ngā tikanga whakaputa me te hunga e mahi ana i aua mea). Kei roto i te hanganga o runga ngā umanga tōrangapū (te kāwanatanga, te ture), te whakaaro, te whakapono, te ahurea, te mātauranga, me te āhua noho.
Ehara i te mea ko te ōhanga te "whakatau" ā-ringa i ngā mea katoa, engari ko te hanganga ōhanga he mea whakatau i roto i te horopaki whānui: koia te mea e hanga ana i ngā rohe o ngā āheinga tōrangapū me ngā ariā. Hei tauira, ka whanake te pūnaha ture o ngā rawa tūmataiti i roto i te hononga ki te hapori e whakawhirinaki ana ki te mana motuhake o ngā tikanga whakaputa. I tetahi atu taha, ko ngā huringa nui o te momo whakaputa ka akiaki i te hanganga o runga kia urutau.
Ko tētahi atu ariā matua ko te momo whakaputa. Ka whakakotahi te momo whakaputa i ngā kaha whakaputa me ngā whanaungatanga whakaputa. I roto i te hītori, i tautuhia e Marx ētahi momo whakaputa matua: te whakawhanaungatanga taketake, te pononga, te feudalism, te pūnaha tāpua, me te pūmanawa mō te hapori/komunism. He ariā ā-roto tō ia momo, he akomanga matua, me ngā momo mahi tukino me te pakanga motuhake.
Te Akomanga Hapori me te Pakanga hei Pūkaha o te Hītori
E whakaatu ana te hiranga o te ao rauemi hītori i te pakanga ā-akomanga hei pūtake matua o te huringa pāpori. I kī rongonui a Marx "ko te hītori o te hapori katoa o mua ko te hītori o ngā pakanga ā-akomanga." Ehara te ā-akomanga i te kāwai ōhanga noa iho, engari he tūranga hanganga i roto i ngā whanaungatanga whakaputa: ko wai te rangatira o ngā tikanga whakaputa, ko wai hoki kāore. I roto i te pūnaha tāpui, ko ngā ā-akomanga matua e rua ko te bourgeoisie (ngā rangatira o te whakapaipai) me te proletariat (ngā kaimahi e hoko ana i ō rātou mana mahi).
Ka puta te pakanga karaehe i ngā pānga taupatupatu. E whai ana te hunga whai rawa ki te whakanui i ngā hua, ko te hunga mahi ia e whai ana ki te whakapai ake i ngā utu me ngā āhuatanga noho. Ehara i te mea ko te pakanga ōhanga anake te hua o tēnei taupatupatu (hei tauira, ngā porotēhi), engari ko te pakanga tōrangapū me te whakaaro hoki (ngā whakataetae mō ngā kaupapa here, ngā kōrero matatika mō te mahi me te rawakore, me te mana o te pūnaha).
Heoi, ehara te pakanga i te "raruraru pāpori" noa iho; ki a Marx, he tikanga huringa. Ina kaha haere ngā whakahē i roto i tētahi momo whakaputa, ka puta he raruraru, ka huaki ake ngā whai wāhitanga mō te whakawhiti ki tētahi momo whakaputa hou.
Ngā Whakawhitiwhiti Kōrero Rauemi: Ngā Whakahē i roto i te Pūtea Matua
Ko tētahi tohu o te whakaaro o Marx ko te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero: ka puta te huringa mā roto i ngā taupatupatu ā-roto. I roto i te pūnaha tāke, ko te taupatupatu matua ko te whakaputanga he mea pāpori (e uru ana te tini o ngā kaimahi, ngā whatunga ahumahi, me ngā mākete nui), engari ko te mana o te putanga he mea tūmataiti (ka rere ngā hua ki ngā kaipupuri o te whakapaipai). Mā tēnei taupatupatu ka ara ake ngā āhuatanga maha: te kore taurite, te whakamahi kino, me ngā raruraru ōhanga auau.
Ko tētahi o ngā tātaritanga matua a Marx ko te uara tāpiri. Ka whakaputa uara ngā kaimahi mā roto i ā rātou mahi, engari he iti iho ngā utu e whiwhihia ana e rātou i te uara e whakaputaina ana e rātou; ka huri te rerekētanga hei hua pūtea. Mai i tēnei, ka māramahia te mahi whakatoi ehara i te mea he mahi nanakia takitahi anake, engari he tikanga hanganga i roto i ngā whanaungatanga pūtea o te whakaputa.
E kitea ana hoki ngā whakahē i roto i te āhua o te pūnaha tāke ki te whakapiki i te hua mā te hangarau, e whakawhanui ana i te kaha whakaputa engari, i tētahi atu taha, ka taea te whakaheke i ngā utu, te whakakore i te mahi, me te whakanui ake i te kore mahi. Ko te mutunga mai he taupatupatu pāpori me te kore pumau pea.
Te Whakaaro me te Hinengaro
Kāore te hiranga o ngā taonga tuku iho e wareware ana i ngā whakaaro; e tirotiro ana i te āhua o te hanganga me te mahi a ngā whakaaro i roto i te hapori. Nā Marx i whakauru mai te ariā o te whakaaro hei huinga whakaaro e whakamana ana i ngā tikanga pāpori o nāianei. Ka taea e te whakaaro te whakaatu i ngā whanaungatanga kore taurite he "taiao", he "tika", he "mea e tika ana" rānei.
Koinei te wāhi e puta ai te ariā o te hinengaro akomanga. E ai ki a Marx, ka taea e te hunga mahi te wheako i te āhua o te hinengaro rūpahu—te whakaae ki ngā uara e whai hua ana ki te akomanga rangatira—te whakawhanake rānei i te hinengaro akomanga arohaehae, te mārama ki tōna tūranga me ōna hiahia. Ko ngā huringa pāpori nui e hiahia ana ki ngā huringa i te taumata o te whakahaere me te hinengaro, kaua ko te uauatanga ōhanga anake.
Te Kāwanatanga me te Ture i roto i te Rauemi Hītori
I kite a Marx i te kāwanatanga ehara i te mea he umanga tū motuhake e tū ana i runga ake i ngā rōpū katoa, engari he māngai mō ngā painga o te akomanga matua. I māramahia hoki te ture hei taputapu e pupuri ana i te pumau o ngā whanaungatanga whakaputa. Ehara i te mea ko ia kaupapa here a te kāwanatanga he painga tika ki te hunga whai rawa, engari i te nuinga o te wā, he wāhi nui tā te kāwanatanga ki te pupuri i ngā tikanga mō te whakaputa anō i te pūnaha tāpua: te haumarutanga kirimana, te tiakitanga rawa, me te pumau hapori.
Heoi, i mōhio anō a Marx he wāhi pakanga pea te kāwanatanga. Ko ngā kaupapa here mahi, ngā taake, te mātauranga, me te haumarutanga pāpori he tauira o te pānga o te pakanga karaehe ki te kāwanatanga me te arahi ki te whakaaetanga tōrangapū.
Ngā Wāhanga Hītori me te Arotakenga o te Whakataunga
He maha ngā wā ka hē te mārama ki te ariā rauemi hītori, arā, he ariā whakatau e kī ana me neke te hītori i roto i ngā wāhanga pakari. Heoi, i a Marx e kōrero ana mō ngā ia whānui, i whakanuia anō e ia te tūranga o ngā āhuatanga tūturu, ngā pakanga tōrangapū, me ngā mahi a te tangata. Ka "hangaia e te tangata tō rātou ake hītori," engari ehara i te mea i raro i ngā āhuatanga o tā rātou ake whiriwhiri; ka riro i a rātou tētahi hanganga rauemi.
Nō reira, he tika ake te pānui i te hiranga o ngā taonga tuku iho hei tikanga tātari: te tūhura i te āhua o ngā panonitanga o te hangarau, te whakaritenga mahi, te mana whakahaere, me te tohatoha taonga e hua ai ngā panonitanga tōrangapū me te ahurea. Ka taea te rerekētanga o ngā hītori puta noa i ngā wāhi, me te whakaatu anō hoki i ngā tauira pakanga e puta tonu ana.
Te Hiranga o te Rauemi Hītori o Nāianei
I te ao o nāianei, kei te whai tikanga tonu te hiranga o te rauemi tawhito hei whakamārama i ngā āhuatanga pēnei i te kore taurite o te ao, te mana o ngā kamupene o te ao whānui, te ōhanga tūāpapa, me te panonitanga o te mahi nā te aunoatanga. He maha ngā take pāpori—mai i te urunga atu ki te whare noho me te mātauranga ki te hauora—ka taea te tātari hei hua o ngā whanaungatanga whakaputa me te tohatoha o ngā rauemi. Tae atu ki ngā tautohetohe mō te ahurea, te tuakiri, me ngā pāpāho ka taea te whai i ō rātou hononga ki ngā painga ōhanga me ngā hanganga mana.
Heoi, ehara i te mea kāore he kaiwhakahē mō te hiranga o te taonga tuku iho. E kī ana ētahi kaimātai whakaaro i tino whakanuia e Marx te karaehe ōhanga, ā, kāore i nui te wāhi i hoatu ki ētahi atu āhuatanga pēnei i te ira tangata, te iwi, te taiao, me te uaua o te ahurea. Ahakoa rā, he maha ngā tikanga whakaaro o muri mai—te Marxism o te Hauāuru, te ariā arohaehae, me ngā rangahau ōhanga tōrangapū hou—kua whakawhanake, kua whakawhānui hoki i te hiranga o te taonga tuku iho kia aro nui ake ki ēnei taha.
Te Katinga
Mā te rapunga whakaaro a Karl Marx mō te rauemi hītori ka taea te mārama ki te hītori hei tukanga e ahu mai ana i te oranga rauemi o te tangata: te whakaputa, te mahi, te taonga, me te pakanga akomanga. Mā roto i ngā ariā o te turanga me te hanganga o runga, te momo whakaputa, te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero o te whakahē, me te arotake i te ariā, i whakaratohia e Marx he taputapu tātari kaha hei hura i te āhua o te mahi a te mana i roto i te hapori. Ahakoa ngā tautohetohe mō te tika o ana matapae hurihuri, ko te rauemi hītori tonu tētahi o ngā anga tino kaha hei mārama ki te whanaungatanga i waenga i te ōhanga me te huringa hapori, me te pātai ko wai ka whai hua, ko wai ka mamae i te tikanga o nāianei.
