Te Oranga-ā-Iwi me te Ariā o te Pono
He kura whakaaro nui te oranga tonutanga e whakatakoto ana i ngā wheako tūturu o te tangata—te manukanuka, te herekore, te whiriwhiri, te mokemoke, me te kawenga—ki waenganui o tana kōrero. Kāore i rite ki ngā huarahi whakaaro nui e rapu ana i tētahi whakamāramatanga pumau mō te āhua o te tangata, ka whakahē te oranga tonutanga i te whakaaro kei te tangata tētahi "mauri" kua whakaritea. I roto i tēnei anga, ka māramahia te tangata he mea ora e "whakatipu" tonu ana: e hanga ana i a rātou anō mā roto i ā rātou mahi, whakatau, me te huarahi e whakamārama ana rātou i te ao. Ko tētahi o ngā ariā tino nui i whānau mai i tēnei tikanga ko te pono, arā, ko te ngana ki te noho "pono" ki te tangata pono, kaua ki te whai noa i ngā tono o waho, ki te whakawhāiti rānei i ngā tūranga pāpori.
Ngā Pūtake o te Oranga: Mai i te Oranga ki te Herekoretanga
He maha ngā wā e hono ana te whakaaro ora ki ngā kaipūkenga whakaaro pērā i a Søren Kierkegaard, Friedrich Nietzsche, Martin Heidegger, Jean-Paul Sartre, Simone de Beauvoir, me Albert Camus. Ahakoa ō rātou tirohanga rerekē, he hononga kaha tonu: ehara te tangata i te mea noho noa i roto i tētahi ao kua whakaritea kētia, engari he mea maka ki roto i tētahi ao kāore he tino mōhio. Koinei te pūtake o te kīanga rongonui a Sartre, "ko te ora i mua i te mauri". Ko te tikanga o tēnei ko te tangata te noho tuatahi, kātahi, mā roto i ā rātou whiringa, ka hangaia ko wai rātou. Kāore he mahere e whakamana ana i te tikanga o te ora; me waihanga te tikanga.
He pānga hinengaro, he pānga matatika hoki tō tēnei whakaaro. Ehara te herekoretanga o te tangata i te taonga whakamarie, engari he kawenga e tono ana i te kawenga. Ki te kore he pūtake tino mārama—kāore he "pukapuka ā-ringa" whānui mō te ao—me waha e ia tangata te mōrearea o ngā whakatau. Ka puta te manukanuka o te ao ehara i te mea he ngoikore te tangata, engari nā te mea e mōhio ana te tangata kāore e taea te tuku atu i ō rātou oranga, ā, he pānga pono tō ā rātou whiringa.
Te Pono: Te Noho i roto i te Hononga ki a Koe Anō
Ko te pono i roto i te ariā o te ao tūroa ehara i te mea ko te "noho ko koe anake" i roto i te tikanga rongonui. Ehara i te mea he pepeha whakahihiri, engari he waiaro ki te ao e tono ana kia pono rawa atu mō te āhua o te tangata: he iti tātou, he pakarukaru, he hē, engari he herekore hoki ki te whiriwhiri. Ko te ora pono ko te whakaae ki tō tātou herekoretanga me te whakaae kāore e taea e tātou te karo i te kawenga mō aua kōwhiringa.
I te taumata mahi, e pā ana te pono ki te kaha o te tangata ki te mahi i runga i ngā uara i whiriwhiria e ia, kaua ki ngā uara i tangohia aunoatia mai i te whānau, i te ahurea, i te pēhanga pāpori rānei. Kāore te tangata pono e takahi tonu i te paerewa, engari kāore ia e piri noa ki taua mea me te kore whakaaroaro. Ka pātai rātou: Koinei te huarahi e whiriwhiria ana e au hei oranga, kāore rānei au e ora ana i te wehi kei rerekē ahau?
Heidegger: “Das Man” me te Hinga ki roto i te Marea
I roto i te pukapuka *Being and Time*, ka kōrero a Martin Heidegger mō te tangata hei Dasein—he mea ora e mōhio ana ki tō rātou oranga. E ai ki a Heidegger, he maha ngā wā ka taka te tangata ki te oranga rūpahu ina rumakina rātou ki te "mano" me ngā tikanga pāpori, e kiia nei e ia ko *das Man* (tata ki te: "te tangata noa"). I roto i te momo *das Man*, ka noho te tangata i runga i ngā paerewa ingoakore: "e kī ana te tangata i tēnei," "e mahi ana te tangata i tērā," "ko te mea nui kia puta he angitu."
He āhua haumaru te noho pēnei nā te mea ka haere tahi tātou me te ia. Heoi, he utu mō taua haumarutanga: ka ngaro te hononga ki ō tātou āheinga ahurei. I whakanui a Heidegger ko tētahi ara ki te pono ko te aro atu ki te ao tūturu tino whaiaro: te mate. Ehara i te mea ko te mōhio ki te mate te take kia pōuri te ao, engari hei whakaara i a tātou i te ara aunoa. Ina mōhio te tangata he mutunga kore te ao, ka akiakihia te tangata ki te whakatau i tētahi mea āta whakaaro: he aha te mea tino nui mēnā ehara te wā i te mutunga kore?
Sartre: Te Herekoretanga, te Kawenga, me te "Whakapono Kino"
He nui te takoha a Jean-Paul Sartre ki te ariā o te whakapono kino (mauvai foi), e whakamaoritia ana ko te "whakapono kino" me te tinihanga i a ia anō. Ka puta te whakapono kino ina whakakahoretia e te tangata tōna ake herekoretanga—hei tauira, mā te huna i muri i ngā tūranga pāpori, i te aituā, i ngā ture rānei—kia kore ai e manukanuka ki te whiriwhiri. Ko tētahi tauira matarohia ko te kī a te tangata, "He kaimahi noa iho ahau, kei te whai noa ahau i ngā whakahau," me te mea kāore he kōwhiringa matatika i a rātou. E ai ki a Sartre, ahakoa te āhua iti o ngā kōwhiringa, ka whiriwhiri tonu te tangata i ō rātou waiaro: te ngohengohe, te ātete, te whakaroa, te hoki whakamuri rānei.
Ko te pono, mai i te tirohanga a Sartre, ko te mōhio he nui ake tātou i ngā tapanga kua tohua ki a tātou. Ehara tātou i te "mahi" noa iho, i te "mana" rānei, i te "āhua" rānei. He kaupapa tātou e neke haere tonu ana, ā, ko ia mahi ka whakahou i a tātou. Nō reira, ko te oranga pono e hiahia ana kia rite te noho tahi i waenga i tō tātou mōhiotanga ki te herekoretanga me ngā mahi e mahia ana e tātou.
Simone de Beauvoir: Te Pono me te Hononga ki te Tangata kē
I whakawhānui ake a Simone de Beauvoir i te kōrero mō te pono mā te whakanui i ōna āhuatanga whanaungatanga me te pāpori. I roto i āna tikanga matatika existentialist, ehara te herekore i te whakapehapeha whaiaro, engari he mea e kitea ana i roto i te hononga ki te herekore o ētahi atu. Kāore e taea e te tangata te tino pono mēnā ka tukinotia, ka whakahāngaihia rānei ētahi atu, nā te mea ka whakaitihia e ēnei mahi te tangata—te tangata o ētahi atu me te tangata ake.
I whakahē anō hoki a De Beauvoir i te āhua o ētahi hanganga pāpori e akiaki ana i te tangata ki te noho i ngā oranga hē. Hei tauira, ina akiakihia te tangata ki te whakaae ki tētahi tuakiri kua tautuhia e te hapori, ka whakawhāitihia te wāhi mō te whiriwhiri. Nō reira, ehara i te mea he take "ā-roto" noa iho te pakanga mō te pono, engari e pā ana hoki ki ngā āhuatanga pāpori e āhei ai, e ārai ai rānei i te herekoretanga.
Camus: Te Whakarihariha, te Whakakeke, me te Pono o te Ora
He maha ngā wā ka whakanohoia a Albert Camus ki ngā taha o te ariā o te ao tūturu, engari he tino hirahira tana ariā mō te wairangi. Ki a Camus, e rapu ana te tangata i te tikanga, engari kāore te ao e whakarato i te whakautu e tika ana. Ko te taupatupatu i waenga i te hiahia mō te tikanga me te wahangu o te ao te mea e kiia nei ko te wairangi. Ko te urupare pono ki te wairangi ehara i te tuku, engari ko te noho pono: te whakaae kāore he taurangi a te ao, engari ko te whiriwhiri ki te mahi, ki te waihanga, ki te aroha, me te waihanga tikanga i roto i te huarahi tangata.
I roto i te Pūrākau a Sisyphus, e whakaatu ana a Camus i a Sisyphus e pana ana i te toka ki runga ahakoa ka hinga tonu ki raro. Ki ngā kanohi o Camus, ko te nui o te tangata kei roto i te maia ki te ora i te ao me te mōhio, me te kore he mānukanuka teka, engari me te kore hoki e ngakaukore.
Te Pono i te Ao Hou: I waenganui i ngā Pāpāho Hapori me ngā Pēhanga Hua
Kua tino uaua haere te ariā o te pono i tēnei ao hou. He maha ngā wā ka akiakihia te tangata e ngā pāpāho pāpori, te ahurea ahua, me ngā tono hua ki te hanga i tētahi "whaiaro" hokohoko: he ahua e ahua angitu ana, e harikoa ana, e pai tonu ana te mahi. I tēnei āhuatanga, ka puta te noho rūpahu ina inehia e te tangata tōna mana ake i runga i te whakamanatanga o waho. E mahi ana rātou i ngā mea ehara i te mea he mea nui ki a rātou, engari nā te mea ka whiwhi rātou i te whakamihi.
Heoi, ehara te pono i te mea e whakakore ana i ngā awe katoa o waho. Kei roto tonu i te whatunga o ngā whanaungatanga, ngā tikanga tuku iho, me ngā umanga te noho a te tangata. Ko te mea e rerekē ai ko te whakaaro whakaaroaro: me whai noa ahau, me arotake rānei, me whiriwhiri, me tango kawenga? Ehara hoki te pono i te take hei whakahihi i raro i te whakapae "Ko au ko au." Ko te oranga pono e hiahia ana ki te pakeketanga: te mārama ki ngā hua o ngā mahi me te whakaaro ki ētahi atu tangata hei kaupapa, kaua ko ngā papamuri noa iho.
Te Noho i te Oranga Pono: He Whakanui
Tuatahi, ka tīmata te pono i te mōhio. Me mōhio te tangata ki ngā wā e ora aunoa ana te tangata: te whai i ngā tikanga o ia rā, te whai i ngā whāinga, te pupuri rānei i tētahi āhua me te kore e tino mārama ki tāna e rapu ana. Tuarua, ko te pono e hiahia ana ki te maia ki te whakamanawanui i te manukanuka o te kōwhiringa. Kāore he kōwhiringa e kore rawa he mōrearea, engari ko te karo i te kōwhiringa ka waiho te ao kia takoto kau. Tuatoru, ko te pono e hiahia ana ki te kawenga matatika: ko tā tātou e whiriwhiri ai he hanga i a tātou, me te pā hoki ki te oranga o ētahi atu.
Te Katinga
Ko te oranga tūturu, me tōna arotahi ki te oranga tūturu o te tangata, e tuku ana i tētahi karu koi hei mārama ki ngā uauatanga o te ao: te harikoa o te herekoretanga, te manukanuka tūturu, me te rapu mutunga kore mō te tikanga. I waenganui i ēnei mea katoa, ko te ariā o te pono he momo kāpehu: he tono ki te ora mārama, pono, me te kawenga. Ehara te oranga tūturu i te āhua kua tutukihia, kātahi ka oti, engari he nekehanga tonu o te whiriwhiri whaiaro—i roto i tētahi ao e tuku pinepine ana i te ara poto o te ngohengohe kore whakaaroaro. Hei whakamutunga, ko te pono ko te maia ki te whakaae ko tātou tēnei ao, nō reira ko tātou te ora pono.
