Derrida me te Ariā Wetehanga
Pengantar
Ko Jacques Derrida tētahi o ngā tohunga whakaaro whai mana nui o te rautau 20, e mōhiotia whānuitia ana mō tana whakawhanake i te ariā o te wetewete. Ehara i te mea ko te wetewete anake te arotake i ngā hanganga o te reo, te tuhinga, me te tikanga, engari he huarahi hou hoki hei mārama ki te whanaungatanga i waenga i te tuhinga, te horopaki, me te whakamaoritanga. Mā te whakamahi i ngā mātāpono o te wetewete, ka werohia e Derrida ngā whakaaro taketake e whakaaetia whānuitia ana i roto i te rapunga whakaaro tuku iho me te ariā tuhituhi. Ko te whāinga o tēnei tuhinga he ruku hohonu ki roto i te oranga o Derrida me ngā pānga me ngā tono o te ariā wetewete.
Te papamuri o Jacques Derrida
I whānau mai a Jacques Derrida i te 15 o Hūrae, 1930, i El Biar, Algeria, i taua wā he wāhanga nō te emepaea koroni o Wīwī. I ako a Derrida i te École Normale Supérieure (ENS) i Parī, he whare wānanga mātauranga teitei kua whakaputa i te tini o ngā kaimātai whakaaro nui o Wīwī, ā, i muri mai ka whiwhi i te tohu tākuta i Sorbonne. I tīmata te rongonui o Derrida mā roto i ētahi pukapuka i ngā tau 1960, ko tana pukapuka "Of Grammatology" (1967), i mōhiotia hei mahi nui i roto i te whakaurunga o te wetewete.
Te Wetehanga hei Huarahi Matatau
Ki tā Derrida, ehara te wetewete i te tikanga e whai ture me ngā tikanga motuhake. Engari, e whakaahua ana ia he mahi, he rautaki rānei o te pānui e whakaatu ana i ngā taumahatanga me ngā taupatupatu i roto i te tuhinga. E ai ki a Derrida, e whai ana ia tuhinga kia piripono, kia pumau, engari i te mutunga kei roto tonu ngā āhuatanga e ātete ana ki tēnei.
Ko te mea nui ki te huarahi wetewete ko te tātari i ngā tuhinga hei whakaatu i te āhua o te whakapōrearea i ngā tikanga mārama e te hanganga tonu o te reo. E whakahē ana a Derrida i te whakaaro he reo koretake te reo hei kawe i ngā pono, i ngā ao tūturu rānei o mua. Engari, e kī ana ia he hanganga hihiri te reo, kei te hangaia tonutia, kei te wetewetehia.
Te Whakapūmautanga me te Rerekētanga o te Logocentrism
Ko tētahi o ngā takoha nui a Derrida ko te arotake i te logocentrism, te whakapono ko te arorau, te whakaaro nui, te logos rānei te pūtake matua o ngā mātauranga me ngā pono katoa. Ka whakanohohia e te logocentrism te pokapū o te aro ki te "noho" ā, ka aro ki te taha taha, ki te whakakore rānei i te "ngaro." E ai ki a Derrida, he whakaaro pohehe tēnei nā te mea e pā tonu ana te reo ki ngā tohu me ngā tikanga e whakawhirinaki ana tetahi ki tetahi i roto i tētahi whatunga whanaungatanga uaua.
Hei whakaahua i tēnei āhuatanga, i whakaurua mai e Derrida te kupu "diferance," he kupu hou e whakakotahi ana i ngā kupu Wīwī e rua "differer" (rerekē) me "defer" (ki te whakaroa). Ko te diferance he mātāpono taketake o te wetewete, e whakaatu ana he whakaroa tonu te tikanga, ā, kāore e tutuki i te pumau, i te aroaro katoa rānei. Nō reira, ka huri tonu te tikanga o te tuhinga, ā, ka awehia tonutia e ngā horopaki hou.
Te Wetewete i roto i te Mahi Arohaehae
Kua whānuitia te whakamahinga o te wetewete i roto i ngā momo marautanga, tae atu ki te tuhituhi, te ture, te hoahoanga, me ngā rangahau ahurea. I roto i te ariā tuhituhi, e whai ana ngā kaiwetewete ki te hura i ngā tautohenga rua huna i roto i ngā tuhinga, pērā i te mangu/mā, te tāne/wahine, te ahurea/taiao rānei, me te whāinga ki te whakakore i ēnei kaupapa tuku iho.
Hei tauira, i roto i te tātari tuhituhi, ka taea te whakamahi i te wetewete hei whakaatu i te āhua o te wehewehe i tētahi kōrero e āhua rite ana, e pakari ana hoki, kia noho hei kohinga o ngā whakapae taupatupatu. Mā te tohu i ēnei taupatupatu, ka ngana te tātari wetewete ki te wetewete i te tuhinga mai i ngā tikanga pakari kua whakaaetia i mua, me te whakatuwhera i ngā pae tawhiti hou mō te whakamaoritanga.
Te Whakahē me te Tautohe
Ahakoa tōna awe whānui, kua maha ngā whakahē i puta mō te ariā wetewete a Derrida. Kua whakapae ētahi tohunga whakaaro me ngā kairīti i te wetewete hei momo nihilism, he whanaungatanga nui rānei e whakakore ana i te āheinga ki te tautuhi i te pono, i te pūtake matatika mārama rānei. E kī ana ēnei kairīti mā te whakakore i te pumau o te tikanga, ka taea e te wetewete te arahi ki te pōrearea whakamaori e muku ana i ngā pūtake matatika, i ngā pūtake matauranga rānei.
Heoi, e kī ana ngā kaitautoko o te wetewete, tae atu ki a Derrida tonu, ko tēnei momo whakahē i ahu mai i te kore mārama ki ngā whāinga me ngā tikanga o te wetewete. E ai ki a rātou, ehara te wetewete i te whakakore i te tikanga, i te pono rānei, engari he ngana ki te whakawhānui me te arotake i ngā rohe o te mārama me te hanga i aua tikanga.
Te Takoha a Derrida ki te Whakaaro o Nāianei
He nui ngā takoha a Derrida i roto i ngā mara maha, ehara i te mea ko te rapunga whakaaro me te ariā tuhituhi anake. Hei tauira, i roto i te rapunga whakaaro tōrangapū, ka pātai a Derrida i ngā pūtake o ngā ariā o te tika, ngā tika, me te manapori. I roto i tana pukapuka "Specters of Marx" (1993), ka arotake a Derrida i te pūnaha tāke o te ao, ā, ka tuku i ngā huarahi hou mō tētahi ariā whānui o te tika pāpori.
I roto i ngā tikanga matatika, ka whakawhanakehia e Derrida te ariā o te "kawenga mutunga kore," e whakanui ana i te hiranga o te pupuri i te tuwhera ki ētahi atu me te wikitoria i ngā au whakakeke i roto i te whakatau matatika. E whakaata ana tēnei ariā i te ngana a Derrida ki te whakanui i te hiranga o te kōrero, te maha o ngā momo tangata, me te kanorau i roto i ngā mahi matatika katoa.
Te Katinga
Nā Jacques Derrida me te ariā o te wetewete i whakatuwhera ngā huarahi hou i roto i te whakaaro o nāianei, e āhei ai tātou ki te pātai i ngā whakapae taketake me te ruku hohonu ki roto i tō tātou māramatanga ki te ao. Ahakoa he kaupapa tautohetohe tonu, kāore e kore kua whakarei ake ngā takoha a Derrida i ngā kōrero hinengaro, ā, kua whakarato i ngā taputapu arohaehae whai hua mō ngā momo kaupapa ako. Mā te wetewete, ka karangatia tātou kia kite i te uauatanga me te koretake o roto i ia tuhinga me ia whakaaro, me te rapu tonu i te tikanga i waenganui i tēnei nekehanga mutunga kore.
