Ngā Tāpine i roto i ngā Whare Hiko
Ko ngā tāpine tētahi o ngā wāhanga tino nui o tētahi pūnaha whakaputa hiko. Tata ki ngā tipu hiko nui katoa—ahakoa e whakamahi ana i te mamaoa, te wai, te hau, te hau rānei—e whakawhirinaki ana ki ngā tāpine hei huri i te kaha wai, te kaha rere rānei hei kaha miihini i roto i te āhua o te hurihanga o te pou. Kātahi ka akiakihia e tēnei hurihanga tētahi miihini whakaputa hiko hei whakaputa hiko. Ki te kore he tāpine, kāore e tino whai hua, e tino pono hoki te tukanga hurihanga kaha i roto i te maha o ngā momo tipu hiko e mōhiotia ana i tēnei rā.
Te Whakamāramatanga me te Mahi o ngā Tāpine
I te whakarapopototanga, he mīhini te tāpine e huri ana i te kaha nekeneke (nekehanga) me/ranei te kaha pūmanawa o te wai hei kaha miihini hurihuri. Ko te wai e pā ana ki tēnei he kohu wai (mamahu), he wai awa, he wai tāpua rānei (wai), he hau wera (hau), he hau rānei. Ko te mahi matua a te tāpine i roto i te tipu hiko ko te whakaputa i te taipana me te hurihanga pumau i runga i te pou, e āhei ai te whakaputa hiko ki te hurihuri i te tere motuhake hei whakaputa hiko i te auau tika (hei tauira, 50 Hz i Initonīhia).
He mahi anō tā ngā tāpine hei pupuri i te pumau o te pūnaha whakaputa hiko nā te mea e hono tahi ana te tere hurihuri, te whakahaere rere wai, me te whakahaere kawenga whakaputa hiko. I roto i ngā tipu hiko hou, kua rite ngā tāpine ki ngā pūnaha whakahaere matatau hei whakarite i te whai huatanga me te mahi haumaru.
Te Mātāpono Mahi o te Tīpene
Ko te kaupapa matua o te mahi a te tāpine e whai ana i te ariā o te whakawhiti pūngao. Ina rere te wai pēhanga teitei, te wai tere teitei rānei i tua atu i ngā mata o te tāpine, ka panaia e ia, ka huri te rotor. Ka ngaro te pūngao o te wai nā te mea kua hurihia te nuinga o tōna pūngao hei pūngao miihini.
I te nuinga o te wā, ka wehea ngā tāpine ki ngā mātāpono matua e rua, e ai ki te whakamahinga o te pūngao wai:
1. Tāpine Ārai (Tāpine Ārai)
I roto i te tāpine hiko, ka tukuna te wai mā roto i te pūwero, ka piki ake tōna tere, kātahi ka pā ki ngā mata o te tāpine. Mā te kaha hiko mai i te nekehanga hurihuri o te wai ka huri te rotor. Ko tētahi tauira rongonui ko te tāpine Pelton i roto i te tipu hiko wai.
2. Tāpine Tauhohenga (Tāpine Tauhohenga)
I roto i te tāpine tauhohenga, ka puta te hekenga pēhanga ehara i te mea i te pūwero anake engari i roto hoki i ngā mata o te tāpine. Ka pāngia te wai e ngā panonitanga o te pēhanga me te tere i a ia e haere ana i roto i ngā mata, ka hangaia he kaha tauhohenga e huri ana i te rotor. Ko ētahi tauira ko ngā tāpine Francis me Kaplan mō te mana wai, me te maha o ngā tāpine mamaoa i roto i ngā tipu mana wera.
Ngā momo tāpine i roto i ngā tipu hiko
1. Tāpine Kohu
E whakamahia whānuitia ana ngā tāwhana mamaoa i roto i ngā tipu hiko waro (PLTU), ngā tipu hiko waiariki (PLTP), me ētahi tipu hiko koiora. Ka puta te mamaoa pēhanga teitei mai i te pōro (i roto i te PLTU) mai i te puna waiariki rānei (i roto i te PLTP). Kātahi ka tukuna te mamaoa ki te tāwhana hei huri i te rotor.
Ka eke te pai o ngā tāpine mamaoa ki te taumata teitei ina hangaia me ngā wāhanga maha, mai i te pēhanga teitei, te pēhanga waenga, ki te pēhanga iti. I muri i te haerenga i roto i te tāpine, ka whakakōpikopikohia te mamaoa ki roto i te wai i roto i te pūwhakapūngao kia taea ai te papu anō ki roto i te pūnaha hei huringa kati (huringa Rankine). Ko te painga matua o ngā tāpine mamaoa ko tōna kaha ki te whakaputa i te nui o te hiko i ngā wā katoa, engari me whai hanganga uaua pērā i ngā kohua, ngā pūwhakapūngao, me ngā pūnaha maimoatanga wai.
2. Tāpine Wai (Tāpine Waipēhi)
I roto i ngā tipu hiko wai (PLTA), ko te pūngao pūmanawa o te wai nā ngā rerekētanga o te teitei (upoko) me te pūngao o te rere ka whakamahia hei huri i te tāpine. Ko ngā momo tāpine wai e whakamahia whānuitia ana ko:
– Pelton Turbine: He pai mō ngā reiti rere teitei me ngā reiti rere iti. Ka whakamahia te mātāpono nekehanga, ka tukuna he rerenga wai kaha mā roto i te pūwero ki runga i te mata he āhua peihana.
– Tāpine Francis: He pai mō ngā pane waenga me ngā tukunga waenga. He tāpine tauhohenga tēnei momo tāpine, ā, e whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i ngā tipu hiko wai nui.
– Kaplan/Pūrere Whakatere: He pai mō ngā tere rere iti me ngā tere rere nui. He rite ōna mata ki ngā pererere, ā, he maha ngā wā ka whakamahia ki ngā awa nui, ki ngā tāke iti rānei.
He tino pai te mahi a ngā tāpine hiko wai, ā, he iti hoki ngā utu whakahaere nā te mea kāore e hiahiatia he wahie. Heoi anō, me nui te haumitanga, me ngā wāhi e tika ana, me te whai whakaaro ki ngā pānga taiao me te pāpori.
3. Pūwero Hau
E whakamahia ana ngā tāwhana hau i roto i ngā tipu hiko hau (PLTG) me ngā tipu hiko huringa whakakotahi (PLTGU). Ko te kaupapa matua he whakamahi i ngā hau wera pēhanga teitei mai i te wahie e mura ana (pērā i te hau māori) e rere ana i roto i te tāwhana me te huri i te pou.
Kei roto i te tāpine hau he pūwero e pēhi ana i te hau, he rūma mura e whakaranu ana i te hau me te wahie, me te tāpine e huri ana i te kaha o te hau wera hei hurihanga. Ko te painga o te tāpine hau ko tōna kaha ki te tīmata tere, e pai ai mō ngā kawenga tihi, ngā hiahia ngāwari rānei o te pūnaha. Ko te ngoikoretanga ko te kore e rite te pai o te tāpine hau ngāwari ki te pūnaha mamaoa, engari ka taea te whakapai ake i tēnei i roto i te tipu hiko huringa whakakotahi (CCPP) mā te whakamahi i te wera para hei whakaputa mamaoa, ka peia e ia he tāpine mamaoa tāpiri.
4. Pūkaha Hau
Ko ngā tāpine hau te ngākau o ngā tipu hiko hau (PLTB). Ka hopukina e ngā mata te kaha nekeneke o te hau, ka hurihia he rotor e hono ana ki tētahi whakaputa hiko mā te pouaka miihini, mā te pūnaha taraiwa-tika rānei. Kei ngā tāpine hau hou ngā pūnaha whakahaere pitch (koki mata) me te yaw (te aronga mata) hei whakanui ake i te hopunga kaha me te tiaki i te tāpine i ngā hau kaha.
Ko te painga matua o ngā tāpine hau ko tōna pūtake pūngao hou, ā, tata kore rawa he tukunga i te wā e whakahaerehia ana. Ko te wero ko te āhua kore pumau o te hau, nō reira, ko te whakaurunga ki te whatunga hiko me whakahaere te pūnaha me te hiko tārua mai i ētahi atu pūtake, i te rokiroki pūngao rānei.
Ngā Wāhanga Matua o ngā Tāpine i roto i ngā Whare Hiko
Ahakoa he rerekē ngā hoahoa o ngā tāpine, ko ētahi o ngā wāhanga matua ko:
– Rotoru me ngā mata: Ngā wāhanga hurihuri e whiwhi ana i te pūngao wai.
– Pūmau, pūwero rānei/wāhanga ārahi: Ka ārahi i te rere o te wai kia tika ai te koki tomo.
– Pū: Ka tuku i te hurihanga ki te pūkaha hiko.
– Whēra: Hei tautoko i te kakau kia mau tonu ai, kia whakaiti ai hoki i te waku.
– Te anga/whare o te tāpine: Ka tiaki i ngā wāhanga me te whakahaere i te rere.
– Pūnaha whakahaere me te tiaki: Whakahaere i te tere, te kawenga, me te haumaru mahi.
I roto i ngā tāpine mamaoa me te hau, kei reira anō ngā pūnaha tāpiri pērā i ngā kawana, ngā hiri, ngā pūnaha whakahinuhinu, me te aroturuki wiri me te pāmahana hei ārai i te kino.
Te Whai Hua, te Pono, me te Tiaki
He nui te pānga o te hoahoa o te mata, ngā āhuatanga wai (te pēhanga, te pāmahana, te tere rere), me te kounga tiaki ki te whai huatanga o te tāhū. I roto i ngā tāhū mamaoa, he mea nui te kounga o te wai nā te mea ka taea e te paru me te waikura te kino i ngā mata me ngā paipa. I roto i ngā tāhū hau, ka taea e te pāmahana teitei te whakatere i te pakaru, me te hiahia ki ngā rauemi motuhake me ngā pūnaha whakamatao mata.
Ko te tiaki i ngā tāpine he tirotiro auau, he ine i te wiri, he tātari hinu whakahinuhinu, he tirotiro i ngā mata mō te horo, te pakaru rānei, me ngā whakahounga ā-wā. He mea nui te pono o ngā tāpine, nā te mea ka taea e ngā kati ohorere te whakararuraru nui i te pūnaha hiko me te ngaronga ōhanga.
Te Tūranga o ngā Tāpine i roto i te Whakawhiti Pūngao
I roto i te horopaki o te whakawhiti pūngao, kei te whai tonu ngā tāpine i te tūranga matua. Ka whakamahia e ngā tipu hiko wai me te hau ngā tāpine hei whakaputa hiko mai i ngā pūtake hou. Ahakoa ngā tipu hiko wera hou, ka whakawhirinaki ki ngā tāpine tino whai hua hei whakaiti i ngā tukunga ia kWh. Ko ngā pūnaha huringa-whakakotahi, e whakakotahi ana i ngā tāpine hau me te mamaoa, he piriti nui hoki ki te pūngao ma ake nā te mea he pai ake te whai hua i ngā tipu hiko tuku iho e whakamahi ana i te wahie pūmua.
Hei tāpiri atu ki tēnā, kei te haere tonu te whanaketanga o te hangarau tāpine: he hoahoa mata hauhautanga ake, he rauemi ātete pāmahana ake, he pūnaha whakahaere matihiko tika ake, me te whakaurunga whānui atu ki te rokiroki pūngao. Nā tēnei ka piki haere te whai hua, te ngāwari, me te pono o ngā tāpine hei whakatutuki i ngā hiahia hiko e tipu haere ana, e kanorau ana hoki.
Whakamutunga
Ko ngā tāpine te ngākau o te maha o ngā tipu hiko, ko rātou te hononga matua ki te huri i te kaha wai ki te kaha miihini, kātahi ka huri hei hiko mā te whakaputa hiko. Ahakoa i roto i te tipu hiko waro (PLTU), i te tipu hiko wai (PLTA), i te tipu hiko hau (PLTG/PLTGU), i te tipu hiko waiariki (PLTP), i te tipu hiko hau rānei (PLTB), ko ngā tāpine te mea e whakatau ana i te whai huatanga, te pono, me te mahi a te tipu hiko. I te whanaketanga hangarau me te hiahia mō te kaha ma, kei te piki haere te hiranga o te mahi a ngā tāpine. Mā te mārama ki te mahi a ngā tāpine, ō rātou momo, me ō rātou āhuatanga ka āwhina i a tātou ki te mārama ki te hanga hiko me te whakapai ake i ngā pūnaha whakaputa hiko kia pai ake ai te heke mai.
