Ngā Mātāpono Taketake o te Whatu i roto i te Hangarau Hiko
Ko te whatu he peka o te ahupūngao e ako ana i te mārama, me pēhea te horapa, te taunekeneke ki te matū, me pēhea te whakahaere mō ngā kaupapa maha. I roto i te horopaki o te "hikohiko" (te hangarau hiko me te hangarau hiko), e māramahia ana te whatu ehara i te mea he ariā ā-tinana noa iho, engari he turanga nui hoki mō ngā hangarau hou maha: mai i ngā pūoko, ngā pūnaha whakawhitiwhiti muka-whatu, ngā taputapu whakaahua, ki ngā wāhanga haurua-ira pērā i ngā LED me ngā photodiode. Ka matapakihia e tēnei tuhinga ngā mātāpono taketake e tino whai tikanga ana mō te whatu i roto i te mara o te hangarau hiko, me te hono atu ki ngā tono mahi.
1. Mārama hei Ngā Ngaru me ngā Matūriki
Ko tētahi o ngā mātāpono matua o te tirohanga whatu ko te takirua o te māramatanga: ka taea te mārama ki te māramatanga hei ngaru hikohiko me te matūriki (photon). I roto i te huarahi ngaru, he roangaru, he auau, he āhuahanga hoki tō te mārama. Ko ngā whanaungatanga matua ko:
– Te tere o te mārama: c = λf
ko c te tere o te mārama i roto i te korehau (≈ 3×10⁸ m/s), ko λ te roanga ngaru, me f te auau.
I roto i te huarahi matūriki, e pā tika ana te kaha o te mārama ki tōna auau:
– Pūngao photon: E = hf
me te pūmau a h Planck.
He mea nui tēnei māramatanga mō te ao hikohiko nā te mea ko ngā taputapu pēnei i ngā photodiode, ngā pūtau solar, me ngā pūoko CMOS ka mahi i runga i te taunekeneke o ngā photon me ngā rauemi semiconductor. Ko ngā āhuatanga pēnei i te pānga photoelectric he tauira tūturu o te ariā rite-matūriki o te mārama e whakamahia ana i roto i te hangarau.
2. Te Whakaaroaro me te Ture a Snell
Ko te whakaata he huihuinga ina pā te mārama ki tētahi mata, ka hoki anō ki te reo taketake. I roto i te whakaata, he ture taketake ēnei:
– Koki o te taunga = koki whakaata
He māmā noa iho tēnei mātāpono, engari he mea nui ki te hoahoa i ngā taputapu whatu pēnei i ngā whakaata i roto i ngā pūnaha aroturuki, ngā whatu taiaho, me ngā huānga whakaata i roto i ētahi pūoko. I roto i te umanga hiko, me whakahaere hoki ngā whakaata nā te mea ka taea e rātou te whakararu i te tohu me te pokanoa ki ngā mata arotahi, ki te karāhe tiaki pūoko, ki ngā pito rānei o ngā muka whatu.
3. Te Whakaata i roto i ngā Pūnaha Whatu me ngā Muka Whatu
Ka puta te hurihanga o te mārama ina neke te mārama mai i tētahi reo ki tētahi reo, he rerekē te taupū hurihanga, ka huri te ahunga horapa. Ko te ture taketake o te hurihanga e whakahuatia ana i roto i te Ture a Snell:
– n₁ hara θ₁ = n₂ hara θ₂
Ko te taupū whakaata (n) e whakaahua ana i te puhoi o te haere o te mārama i roto i te reo, ki te whakaritea ki te korehau. He mea nui tēnei ariā i roto i te hangarau hiko nā te mea koinei te pūtake o ngā muka whatu. Ka whakamahia e ngā muka whatu te whakaata me te whakaata ā-roto katoa kia taea ai e te mārama te haere i ngā tawhiti roa me te iti o te ngaronga.
Hei tauira, he nui ake te taupū whakaata o te matua o ngā muka whatu i te uhi. Ina uru te mārama ki tētahi koki, ka "raka" ki roto i te matua nā te whakaata katoa o roto, ka taea ai te tuku raraunga tawhiti.
4. Te Whakaata ā-roto Katoa me te Koki Arohaehae
Ka puta te whakaata ā-roto katoa ina uru te mārama mai i tētahi reo he nui te taupū whakaata ki tētahi reo he iti ake te taupū i te koki whakaeke e nui ake ana i te koki whakahirahira. Ka taea te tatau i te koki whakahirahira (θc) mā:
– sin θc = n₂ / n₁ (me te n₁ > n₂)
Ko tēnei āhuatanga te pūtake o te hangarau whakawhitiwhiti kōrero muka-whatu. I roto i ngā pūnaha whakawhitiwhiti kōrero hou, ka tukuna ngā raraunga hei pāoro marama kua whakarerekētia. He nui te pānga o te kōwhiringa roangaru, te momo muka, me te whakahaere i ngā ngaronga nā te whakaiti, te marara, me te whakaata ki te kounga o te tuku.
5. Te Mararatanga o te Mārama me tōna Pānga ki ngā Pūnaha Hiko
Ko te marara he āhuatanga e haere ai te mārama me ngā roangaru rerekē i ngā tere rerekē i roto i tētahi reo, ka whānui ake te tohu (whakawhānui i te pāorooro). I roto i te horopaki o ngā whakawhitiwhitinga muka-whatu, ka taea e te marara te whakararu i ngā pāorooro raraunga, ā, ka piki ake ngā hapa pānui raraunga.
He maha ngā momo horapa, hei tauira:
– Te marara o ngā rauemi: nā te mea ko te taupū whakaata o te rauemi e whakawhirinaki ana ki te roanga ngaru.
– Te mararatanga aratau: inā koa i roto i ngā muka maha-aratau, nā te mea ka horapa te mārama mā roto i ngā ara (aratau) maha me ngā roa ara rerekē.
Ka arohia tēnei raruraru e te miihini hiko mā te whiriwhiri i ngā momo muka aratau-kotahi, te whakamahi i te utu whakamararatanga, me te hoahoa i ngā pūnaha whakarerekētanga me te kimi pai ake.
6. Te Whakapolarisasi i roto i ngā Pūnaha Whatu-Hiko
Ko te pōraihana te ahunga o te wiri o te papa hiko o te ngaru mārama. I roto i ngā tono hiko, he mea nui te pōraihana i roto i ngā pūnaha whakawhitiwhiti kōrero whatu, ngā pūoko, me ngā taputapu. Hei tauira:
– I roto i te muka whatu, ka taea e ngā panonitanga o te pōraritanga te whakaputa i te mararatanga aratau pōraritanga (PMD) ka whakararuraru i te kounga o te tohu.
– I roto i ngā mata LCD, ka whakamahia te whakapolarization hei whakahaere i te kaha o te mārama e puta mai ana i te panera.
E pā ana hoki te māramatanga ki te pōraritanga ki ngā taputapu pēnei i ngā tātari pōraritanga me ngā whakarerekētanga whatu e whakamahia ana hei whakapai ake i te mahi a te pūnaha.
7. Te Whakararuraru me te Whakarerekētanga: Ngā Kaupapa Taketake o ngā Pūoko Tika
Ka puta te whakararuraru ina tūtaki ngā ngaru mārama e rua, ka hua ake he whakanui (hanga) he whakaiti rānei (whakangaro) i runga i te rerekētanga ā-wāhanga. He whānuitia te whakamahinga o te whakararuraru i roto i ngā pūoko tino tika, pērā i ngā inenga whakararuraru mō te ine i te tawhiti moroiti, te matotoru, te wiri rānei.
Ko te whakarara ko te piko o te mārama i a ia e haere ana i roto i tētahi kōhao whaiti, i te taha rānei o tētahi mea. I roto i te ao hikohiko, he mahi tā te whakarara i roto i:
– Te hoahoa o ngā whatu whakarara i runga i ngā ine hihi mārama (mō te tātari hihi mārama).
– Ngā herenga taumira i runga i ngā pūnaha whakaahua kāmera mamati me te karuārai.
Me hoahoa ngā pūoko kāmera i roto i ngā taputapu hiko, pērā i ngā waea atamai me ngā pūnaha tirohanga ahumahi, me te whai whakaaro ki te tepe whatuwhatu kia mau tonu ai te kounga o te ahua.
8. Ngā Pūtake Mārama: Ngā LED me ngā Taiaho i roto i te Hangarau Hiko
Ko ngā pūtake mārama e rua e tino kitea ana i roto i ngā pūnaha hiko ko ngā rama LED me ngā rama laser. Ka whakaputahia e ngā rama LED he mārama he whānui, he horapa hoki te whānuitanga, ā, he maha ngā wā ka whakamahia hei tohu, hei whakamārama, hei tuku i ngā whakawhitiwhitinga tawhiti poto. Ka whakaputahia e ngā rama laser he mārama mārama, he aronga hoki he whānuitanga whaiti, he mea tino pai mō ngā whakawhitiwhitinga muka-whatu, ngā matawai, me ngā tono ine tika.
He mea nui te whiriwhiri i te pūtake mārama nā te mea ka pā ki te pai o te mahi, te whānuitanga, te whakapaunga hiko, me te hototahi ki te pūoko mārama.
9. Ngā Pūoko Mārama: Ngā Photodiode, Ngā LDR, me Ngā Pūoko Whakaahua
I roto i ngā pūnaha hiko, me huri te mārama hei tohu hiko. Ka mahia tēnei hurihanga e ngā taputapu kite pēnei i:
– Te taiohiko whakaahua: he tere te urupare, he mea noa i roto i ngā whakawhitiwhitinga whatu.
– LDR (Ātete Whakawhirinaki Mārama): he iti te utu, engari he puhoi ake, e whakamahia ana i ngā mahi māmā noa iho.
– Ngā pūoko CMOS/CCD: e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā kāmera mamati me ngā pūnaha tirohanga rorohiko.
Ko tōna mātāpono mahi e ahu mai ana i te whakaputanga o ngā takirua irahiko-pūngao nā te mimiti o ngā photon i roto i ngā rauemi haurua-ira. Mā te whakanui me te tukatuka tohu tika, ka taea e te pūnaha te kite i te kaha o te mārama, te tae, tae atu ki ngā mōhiohio ā-wāhi (ngā whakaahua).
Whakamutunga
He mea nui te mahi a ngā mātāpono taketake o te whatu i roto i te ao hikohiko. Ehara i te mea ko ngā ariā o te whakaata, te hurihanga, te whakaata ā-roto katoa, te marara, te whakapoari, te pokanoa, me te whakapouri he mea ahupūngao noa iho, engari ko te pūtake hoki o te hangarau e whakamahia ana e tātou i ia rā. Mai i ngā whakawhitiwhitinga muka-whatu tere-teitei ki ngā pūoko kāmera me ngā taputapu taiaho, mā te mārama ki ngā whatu ka āwhina i ngā kaihanga hiko ki te hoahoa i ngā pūnaha whai hua, tika, me te pono. I te whanaketanga o te photonics me te optoelectronics, ka nui haere te hiranga o te whakaurunga o ngā whatu me te hangarau hiko i roto i ngā auahatanga o muri mai.
Ki te hiahia koe, ka taea hoki e au te whakawhanake i tēnei tuhinga hei putanga hangarau ake (me ngā tātai katoa, ngā tauira tātaitanga, me ngā hoahoa ariā), ka taea rānei te whakarerekē mō ngā mahi o te kāreti me te whakatakotoranga whakataki–arotake ariā–kōrero–whakamutunga.
