Ngā Wāhanga Matua o te Whare Hiko
Ko te tipu hiko he pūnaha e huri ana i ngā momo pūngao rerekē—pērā i te wera, te nekehanga miihini, te wai, te hau, te hihi rānei o te rā—hei pūngao hiko ka taea te whakamahi e ngā whare, ngā ahumahi, me ngā whare tūmatanui. Ahakoa he maha ngā momo tipu hiko (ngā tipu hiko waro, ngā tipu hiko hau, ngā tipu hiko waiariki, ngā tipu hiko hau, ngā tipu hiko rā, me ngā tipu hiko waiariki), he wāhanga matua kei ngā tipu hiko katoa e mahi ana hei whakarite kia haumaru, kia pumau, kia whai hua hoki te tukanga hurihanga pūngao. Mā te mārama ki ngā wāhanga matua o te tipu hiko ka āwhina i a tātou ki te mārama ki te whakaputa, te whakahaere, me te tohatoha hiko ki te whatunga hiko. Ka matapakihia e tēnei tuhinga ngā wāhanga nui e kitea ana i roto i ngā tipu hiko rerekē, me te pā atu ki ngā rerekētanga o tā rātou tono i roto i ia hangarau.
1. Pūtake Pūngao Tuatahi (Pūtake Pūngao Tuatahi)
Ko te wāhanga tuatahi, ko te mea tino nui hoki, ko te pūtake pūngao tuatahi. Koinei te "wahie" te whakaurunga pūngao tuatahi ka hurihia hei hiko. I roto i te tipu hiko waro (PLTU), ko te waro te pūtake pūngao tuatahi; i roto i te tipu hiko hau (PLTG), ko te hau māori; i roto i te tipu hiko wai, ko te pūngao pūmanawa me te pūngao nekeneke o te wai; i roto i te tipu hiko hau, ko te pūngao hau; i roto i te tipu hiko pūngao rā, ko te hihi o te rā; ā, i roto i te tipu hiko waiariki, ko te wera mai i roto i te whenua. Ka pāngia te hoahoa, te whai huatanga, ngā tukunga o te tipu e te kounga me ngā āhuatanga o te pūtake pūngao tuatahi, me te hiahia mō ngā hanganga tautoko pēnei i te rokiroki wahie, ngā paipa wai rānei.
I roto i ngā tipu hiko e whakamahi ana i te wahie pūmua, he mea nui te whakahaere i te tuku wahie: mai i te tuku me te rokiroki ki te whakahaere i mua i te tahunga. I taua wā, i roto i ngā tipu hiko hou, ko te arotahi nui ko te wātea o ngā rauemi taiao (te rere o te wai, te tere o te hau, te kaha o te rā) me te āhua o te urupare a te pūnaha ki ēnei huringa.
2. Pūnaha Whakawhiti Pūngao (Kaiwhakahaere Matua)
Kia wātea mai he pūtake pūngao, me whai pūngao matua te miihini whakaputa hiko, he taputapu e huri ai te pūngao tuatahi hei pūngao miihini hurihuri. Kātahi ka hurihia e tēnei pūngao hurihuri te miihini whakaputa hiko.
I roto i te tipu hiko waro (PLTU), ko te miihini matua he tāwhana mamaoa. Ka tahuna te waro i roto i te pōro hei whakaputa i te mamaoa pēhanga teitei e akiaki ana i ngā mata o te tāwhana. I roto i te tipu hiko hau (PLTG), ko te miihini matua he tāwhana hau e hurihia tika ana e ngā hau mura. I roto i te tipu hiko huringa whakakotahi (PLTGU), ka honoa he tāwhana hau me te tāwhana mamaoa hei whakamahi i te wera para, ka hua ake he pai ake. I roto i te tipu hiko wai (PLTA), ko te miihini matua he tāwhana wai (Kaplan, Francis, Pelton), i roto i te tipu hiko hau (PLTB), ko te miihini matua he hurihanga tāwhana hau. Mō te tipu hiko rā (PLTS), he rerekē te ariā o te miihini matua nā te mea ka hurihia tika te pūngao rā hei hiko mā roto i ngā kōwae PV kāore he tāwhana; heoi, kei reira tonu ngā wāhanga hurihanga pēnei i ngā inverters me ētahi pūnaha aroturuki rā.
3. Pūhiko Whakaputa (Pūrere Whakarerekē)
Ko te pūkaha hiko te ngākau o te whakaputa hiko. Ka hurihia e tēnei wāhanga te pūngao miihini mai i te pūngao matua ki te pūngao hiko—ko te tikanga he iahiko hurihuri (AC). Ka whakamahia e te kaupapa te whakapūngao hikohiko: ka puta he papa aukume i te rotor hurihuri e tapahi ana i ngā koiri stator, ka whakaputa i te ngaohiko.
I te tauine nui, kua hangaia ngā pūkaha whakaputa hiko mō te pono teitei, te whakamatao pai (hau, hauwai, wai rānei), me te auau me te ngaohiko pumau. Kei ngā pūkaha hoki he pūnaha whakaoho hei whakahaere i te papa aukume o te rotor, e taea ai te whakahaere i te ngaohiko putanga kia rite ki ngā hiahia o te pūnaha hiko.
4. Pūnaha Whakamatao me te Whakatōtō
He maha ngā tipu hiko—ina koa ko ērā e whakamahi ana i te huringa mamaoa—e hiahia ana ki ngā pūnaha whakamatao. I roto i ngā tipu hiko waro (PLTU) me ngā tipu hiko hau (PLTGU), i muri i te hurihanga o te tāpine e te mamaoa, me whakamatao anō kia waiho hei wai i roto i te pūwhakamātao kia taea ai te papu anō ki te pōro. Ka whakanui ake tēnei tukanga i te whai huatanga, ā, ka pupuri tonu i te huringa wera kia rere tonu.
Ka taea e ngā pūnaha whakamatao te whakamatao kotahi-wā (mā te whakamahi i ngā rerenga wai nui mai i ngā awa, i ngā moana rānei) me ngā pourewa whakamatao rānei e tuku ana i te wera ki te āhuarangi. I roto i ngā tipu hiko waiariki me ētahi tipu hau, he mea nui hoki te whakamatao hei pupuri i te mahi a ngā taputapu me te ārai i te wera nui. Ko te ātete rauemi ki te waikura, te tauine, me te kounga o te wai he mea nui i roto i te hoahoa o ēnei pūnaha.
5. Whakawhiti (Whakawhiti Whakaara-Whakarunga)
Ko te ngaohiko putanga o te whakaputa hiko kei waenganui i te nuinga o te wā (hei tauira, 6–20 kV). Mō te tuku hiko tawhiti whai hua, me whakapiki ake te ngaohiko mā te whakawhiti hiko ki tētahi ngaohiko teitei ake (hei tauira, 150 kV, 275 kV, 500 kV, teitei ake rānei, i runga i te pūnaha). Ka whakaitihia e te ngaohiko teitei ake te iahiko mō te mana kotahi, ā, ka whakaitihia ngā mate IR i roto i te raina tuku hiko.
He taputapu nui ngā whakawhiti hiko i roto i ngā tipu hiko nā te mea he nui te mana e taea ana te whakahaere. Me tiaki pakari, me whakamahi i ngā pūnaha whakamatao (hinu/hau), me te aroturuki i te āhua o te hiko (te pāmahana, ngā hau rewa, me te whakamarumaru) hei ārai i te pakaru.
6. Papa Whakawhiti me te Pūnaha Tiaki
He wāhi teihana hiko te papa whakawhiti hiko i roto i te tipu hiko kei roto ngā kaiwawao hiko, ngā kaiwehewehe hiko, ngā rēri/pae pahi, ngā taputapu ine, me ngā taputapu tiaki. Ko tana mahi matua he hono i te tipu hiko ki te whatunga tuku hiko, me te whakahohe i te whirihoranga whatunga, te tiaki, me te wehe i te pūnaha mēnā he hapa.
Kei roto i ngā pūnaha tiaki hiko ngā whakawhiti tiaki, ngā pūwāhi hiko, me ngā kaupapa haumaru hei kite i ngā iahiko nui, ngā ara iahiko poto, ngā hapa whenua, ngā kore taurite, me ngā raruraru auau/ngaohiko. Me tere te mahi tiaki hei ārai i ngā kino atu, hei whakarite hoki i te haumaru o te kaiwhakahaere.
7. Ngā Pūnaha Whakahaere me ngā Taputapu (Mana Whakahaere me te I&C)
Ka whakawhirinaki ngā tipu hiko hou ki ngā pūnaha whakahaere me ngā taputapu hei pupuri i te pumau o ngā mahi. Ka ine ngā pūoko i ngā tawhā matua: te pēhanga, te pāmahana, te rere, te wiri, te taumata wai, te ngaohiko, te iahiko, te auau, te tauwehenga mana, me ngā tukunga. Ka tukatukahia ēnei raraunga e tētahi pūnaha whakahaere pērā i te DCS (Pūnaha Whakahaere Tohatoha) PLC rānei, kātahi ka aroturukitia e ngā kaiwhakahaere i roto i tētahi rūma whakahaere.
Mā te pūnaha whakahaere ka taea te whakahaere i te aunoatanga o te tīmatanga me te whakaweto, te whakahaere kawenga, te tahu (i roto i ngā tipu hiko waro/tipu hiko hau), te whakahaere takirere, me te whakaurunga ki te pūnaha tuku whatunga. He mea nui te pono o te I&C, nā te mea ahakoa he hapa iti noa iho, ka taea te pakaru me te motu o ngā waeine.
8. Pūnaha Wahie me te Whakahaere
I roto i ngā tipu hiko wera, ko ngā wāhanga matua ko te pūnaha whakahaere wahie. Hei tauira, i roto i te tipu hiko waro, kei reira ngā kaikawe, ngā kuru, ngā puranga/ngā whare pupuri, ngā whāngai, me te mira hei huri i te waro i mua i te tahunga. I roto i te tipu hiko hau, kei reira he pūnaha tuku hau me te teihana whakahaere pēhanga, ngā tātari, me te pēhanga mēnā e tika ana. I roto i te tipu hiko hinu, kei reira ngā tāke rokiroki, ngā papu, ngā whakamahana, me te pūnaha paipa haumaru.
Ka pā te kounga o te wahie ki te mahi tahunga, te whai huatanga, me ngā tukunga. Nō reira, ko ngā pūnaha whakahaere he tikanga kei roto ko ngā ine me ngā mana whakahaere haumaru hei ārai i ngā ahi, i ngā pahūtanga rānei.
9. Pūnaha Tukunga me te Haumaru Taiao
Me tutuki i ngā tipu hiko ngā paerewa taiao. I ngā tipu hiko waro, ko ngā taputapu whakahaere parahanga kei roto ko ngā electrostatic precipitators (ESPs) me ngā tātari putea hei hopu i ngā matūriki, te tango i te whanariki hau korere (FGD) hei whakaiti i te SO₂, me ngā tahu iti-NOx (SCRs) hei pehi i te NOx. He mea nui anō hoki ngā pūnaha whakahaere pungarehu (punga rere me te pungarehu raro), tae atu ki te rokiroki me te whakamahinga.
Haunga ngā tukunga hau, me whakahaere e ngā tipu hiko te wai para, te haruru, me ngā pānga wera pea ki ngā wai. Ehara i te mea he herenga ture anake te tutuki i ngā whakaritenga taiao, engari he mea nui anō hoki mō te pumau tonu o ngā mahi mō te wā roa.
10. Pūnaha Hiko Āwhina
Me whakamahi te hiko i te tipu hiko hei whakahaere i ana ake taputapu: ngā papu, ngā pā hau, ngā pūwero hiko, ngā pūnaha whakahaere, ngā rama, me ērā atu mea. Ka kiia tēnei ko te hiko āwhina. Ina kore te waeine e mahi ana, e tīmata ana rānei, ka puta te pūnga hiko āwhina mai i te whatunga hiko (teihana ratonga) mai rānei i tētahi kaihanga hiko āwhina/kaiwhakaputa hiko tīhi āwhina mō ngā āhuatanga ohorere.
Mā te pono o te pūnaha hiko ka taea te whakatau i te kaha o te whakaputa hiko ki te tīmata, ki te pupuri i te whakamatao, me te noho haumaru i te wā e whakararuraruhia ana te whatunga matua.
11. Te Tautoko i ngā Hanganga Mīhini
Haunga ngā wāhanga matua kua whakahuatia i runga ake nei, he maha ngā taputapu tautoko o te tipu hiko: ngā papu wai whāngai, ngā takirere matua, ngā pūnaha whakahinuhinu tāpine, ngā pūnaha waipēhi, ngā taputapu aroturuki wiri, me ngā hanganga whare me ngā turanga e tu atu ana i ngā kawenga hihiri. Kei roto i ngā tipu hiko wai (PLTA) ngā tāmi, ngā whakaurunga wai, ngā pene, ngā whata para, me ngā ara maringi. Kei roto i ngā tāpine hau (PLTB) ngā pourewa, ngā pūnaha yaw, ngā mana whakahaere pitch, me ngā pouaka miihini (i ētahi momo). Kei roto i ngā tipu hiko pūngao rā (PLTS) ngā kōwae, ngā whakakotahi aho, ngā inverters, me ngā pūnaha tiaki DC.
Ko ēnei wāhanga tautoko te mea e whakatau ana i te wātea o te waeine nā te mea ka taea e te rahunga iti te whakamutu i ngā mahi.
Whakamutunga
Ka taea te whakarāpopoto i ngā wāhanga matua o tētahi tipu hiko hei raupapa o ngā mahi: pūtake pūngao tuatahi → hurihanga ki te pūngao miihini (pūnaha nekeneke matua) → whakaputa hiko te whakaputa hiko → whakawhiti hiko ka whakanui i te ngaohiko → whakawhiti hiko ka tohatoha ki te whatunga hiko, e tautokona ana e ngā pūnaha whakahaere, te whakamatao, te tiaki, te hiko āwhina, me te whakahaere wahie me te taiao. He rerekē ngā momo hangarau tipu hiko i roto i ngā taipitopito o ngā wāhanga, engari he rite tonu te whāinga: te whakaputa hiko me te haumaru, te pono, me te whai hua. Mā te mārama ki ēnei wāhanga, ka taea e tātou te aromatawai i te mahi a tētahi tipu hiko, he aha te uaua o tana tiaki, me ngā āhuatanga e pā ana ki te kounga o te tuku hiko i roto i te oranga o ia rā.
