Ngā Kaupapa Taketake o te Whakatauira Pūnaha
Ko te whakatauira pūnaha te tukanga hanga i tētahi whakaaturanga māmā o tētahi pūnaha o te ao tūturu kia taea ai te mārama, te tātari, te matapae i tōna whanonga, ā, mēnā e tika ana, te arotau. I roto i ngā mara maha, pērā i te hangarau, te pakihi, te pūtaiao rorohiko, te hauora, me te kaupapa here tūmatanui, he taputapu nui te whakatauira hei tautoko i te whakatau kaupapa e arotauhia ana e ngā raraunga. E matapakihia ana e tēnei tuhinga ngā ariā taketake o te whakatauira pūnaha, ngā momo tauira, ngā wāhanga o te hanganga tauira, me ngā mātāpono me whai whakaaro kia whai hua ai, kia pono ai hoki tētahi tauira.
1. Te Mārama ki ngā Pūnaha me ngā Tauira
He kohinga huānga te pūnaha e taunekeneke ana hei whakatutuki i tētahi whāinga motuhake. Ka taea e ngā huānga pūnaha te noho hei wāhanga ā-tinana (hei tauira, ngā mīhini i roto i te wheketere), hei wāhanga tangata (ngā kaimahi, ngā kiritaki), hei wāhanga āhuahanga rānei (ngā ture, ngā tikanga, ngā rerenga mōhiohio). He maha ngā pūnaha e whai wāhi ana ki roto, e whai pānga ana ki te taiao, ā, he maha ngā wā ka pāngia rātou e tō rātou taiao.
I taua wā, he whakaaturanga te tauira i tētahi pūnaha tūturu i hangaia mō tētahi kaupapa motuhake. Kāore e hiahiatia kia whakaatuhia e te tauira ngā taipitopito katoa; engari, ka whakanuia e te tauira pai ngā āhuatanga nui, ā, ka warewarehia ngā āhuatanga kāore e tika ana. Hei tauira, he tauira te mapi o tētahi rohe whenua: kāore e whakaatuhia ngā rākau katoa, ngā toka katoa rānei, engari e whakarato ana i ngā mōhiohio e ranea ana hei āwhina i te whakatere.
Nō reira, ko te whakatauira pūnaha te mahi hanga i tētahi tauira ka taea te whakamārama i te hanganga o te pūnaha, te whanonga o te pūnaha, me ngā whanaungatanga take-pānga i waenga i ngā taurangi o roto.
2. He aha te hiranga o te Whakatauira Pūnaha?
He maha ngā take matua e whakamahia ai te whakatauira pūnaha:
1. Te mārama ki te uauatanga: He maha ngā pūnaha hou he uaua, ā, he maha ngā wāhanga e whakaurua ana. Mā ngā tauira ka māmā ake tēnei uauatanga.
2. Te matapae i te whanonga: Mā ngā tauira ka taea e tātou te matapae i te mea ka puta mēnā ka huri ētahi āhuatanga.
3. Te whakamātautau i ngā horopaki me te kore he mōrearea nui: Engari i te whakamātautau tika i runga i tētahi pūnaha tūturu he nui te utu, he mōrearea rānei, ka taea e tātou te whakatauira i runga i tētahi tauira.
4. Āwhina i te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero: Mā ngā tauira tirohanga pēnei i ngā tūtohi rere, i te UML rānei ka āwhina i te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero i waenga i ngā rōpū (kaiwhakahaere, tohunga hangarau, kaiwhakamahi).
5. Tautoko i te arotautanga me te whakatau kaupapa: Ka taea te whakamahi i ngā tauira hei kimi i te whirihoranga pai rawa atu, hei whakaiti i ngā utu, hei whakapai ake rānei i te mahi a te pūnaha.
He tauira māmā: ka taea e te kamupene kawe taonga te waihanga i tētahi tauira tohatoha hei whakatau i te huarahi tuku pai rawa atu hei whakaiti i ngā utu kawe me te whakarite kia tukuna wawetia.
3. Ngā Momo Tauira i roto i te Whakatauira Pūnaha
Ka taea te whakarōpū i ngā tauira i runga i ngā tirohanga maha.
a. Tauira Ā-tinana me te Tauira Ariā
– Tauira ā-tinana: he whakaaturanga tūturu i te āhua o tētahi tauira iti, pērā i te tauira whare, i te tauira waka rānei.
– Tauira ariā: he whakaaturanga whakarāpopototanga pērā i te hoahoa, te tātai, te whakaahuatanga rānei o te arorau o te tukanga.
b. Tauira Whakataurite me te Tauira Matapōkere
– Whakataunga: ka whakatauhia katoatia te putanga o te tauira e te whakaurunga tuatahi. Kāore he huānga matapōkere. Hei tauira: ngā whārite nekehanga pai i roto i te ahupūngao.
– Matapōkere (tūponotanga): kei roto ngā āhuatanga o te koretake, o ngā taurangi matapōkere rānei. Hei tauira: he tauira rarangi i te peeke (he matapōkere ngā wā taenga mai o te kiritaki).
c. Tauira Tūmau me te Tauira Hihiri
– Pūmau: e whakaahua ana i tētahi pūnaha i tētahi āhuatanga, i tētahi wā rānei. Hei tauira: he pepa toenga a te kamupene.
– Hihiri: e whakaahua ana i ngā panonitanga o tētahi pūnaha i roto i te wā. Tauira: tauira tipu taupori.
d. Tauira Motuhake me te Tauira Tonu
– Momotu: ka puta ngā huringa i ngā wā motuhake, i roto rānei i ngā huihuinga. Tauira: ngā pūnaha rarangi, ngā whakawhitiwhitinga, ngā tukanga hangahanga e hangai ana ki ngā huihuinga.
– Haere tonu: ka puta tonu ngā huringa i roto i te wā. Tauira: ngā huringa āta haere o te pāmahana rūma, te rere o te wai i roto i te paipa.
4. Ngā Wāhanga Matua i roto i te Whakatauira Pūnaha
Hei whakamahi i tētahi tauira mō te tātari, me tautuhi tātou i ngā wāhanga e whai ake nei:
1. Te kaupapa o te tauira: He aha te mahi a te tauira? He matapae, he aromatawai, he arotau, he mārama noa rānei?
2. Rohe pūnaha: he aha ngā mea kei roto i te pūnaha me te aha hoki e kiia ana ko te taiao o waho.
3. Ngā taurangi me ngā tawhā:
– Taurangi: he rahinga ka taea te huri (hei tauira, te maha o ngā kaihoko, te taumata whakaputa).
– Ngā tawhā: ngā uara pumau, ngā whakapae rānei (hei tauira, te kaha o te mīhini, ngā utu ratonga).
4. Ngā whanaungatanga i waenga i ngā taurangi: ka taea te noho hei whārite pāngarau, hei ture arorau, hei tūtohi rere rānei.
5. Ngā Whakaaro: ngā whakangāwaritanga e whakamahia ana hei whakangāwari ake i te hanga o te tauira. Me tūturu, me mārama hoki ngā whakaaro.
6. Ngā pūtake raraunga me ngā mōhiotanga: ngā raraunga hītori, ngā hua ine, ngā uiuinga a ngā tohunga, ngā tuhinga rānei.
Ki te kore he rohe pūnaha mārama, ka tūpono ngā tauira ka whānui rawa, ka uaua ki te manatoko, ā, ka kore e whai hua.
5. Ngā Wāhanga Taketake o te Waihanga i tētahi Tauira Pūnaha
Ko te tauira pūnaha ka mahia i roto i ngā wāhanga e whai ake nei:
1) Tāutuhia ngā raruraru me ngā whāinga
Ko te taahiraa tuatahi ko te mārama ki te raruraru e hiahia ana koe ki te whakaoti. Hei tauira, "Te whakaiti i ngā wā tatari tūroro i te whare hauora." Mā te whāinga mārama ka whakatauhia ko ēhea ngā taurangi me whakatauira.
2) Te ariā pūnaha
I tēnei wāhanga, ka hangaia e te kaiwhakatauira he whakaahuatanga whānui o te pūnaha: ngā wāhanga matua, ngā rerenga tukanga, ngā kaiwhakaari, me ngā taunekeneke. Ko ngā taputapu e whakamahia whānuitia ana ko:
– Tūtohi rere
– Kauwhata take-pānga
– UML (Kauwhata Whakamahinga, Kauwhata Mahi)
– Kauwhata Rere Raraunga (DFD)
3) Te hanga tauira
Ka whakamāoritia te tauira ariā ki tētahi tauira ōkawa, hei tauira:
– Ngā whārite pāngarau (tauira arotau, tauira rerekētanga, tauira whakatauira)
– Tauira whakatauira motuhake (e ahu mai ana i te kaupapa)
– Tauira pūnaha hihiri (pūtake me te rere)
4) Te kohikohi raraunga me te aromatawai tawhā
Me whakakī ngā tawhā tauira ki ngā raraunga tika. Mēnā kāore i oti ngā raraunga, ka taea te whakamahi i ngā whakatau tata i ahu mai i ngā rangahau tuhinga, i ngā whakaaro rānei a ngā tohunga, engari me whakamārama ngā hua ka puta.
5) Manatoko me te whakamana
– Manatoko: te whakarite kia tika te hanganga o te tauira kia rite ki te hoahoa (he tika te arorau/whakatauira?).
– Whakamana: te whakarite kia tika te whakaatu a te tauira i te pūnaha tūturu (e ōrite ana ngā hua o te tauira ki ngā raraunga tūturu?).
He mea nui ngā mea e rua nā te mea kāore e whakaata tonu te tauira "pai" i te mea tūturu.
6) Te whakamātautau me te tātari i ngā hua
Ka whakamahia ngā tauira hei whakahaere i ngā horopaki: hei tauira, te whakanui ake i te maha o ngā tūmau i roto i tētahi pūnaha rarangi, te whakarerekē i te kaupapa whakaputa, te whakamātautau rānei i tētahi kaupapa here hou.
7) Te whakatinanatanga me te aromatawai
Mena ka tautokohia tētahi whakatau e ngā hua o te tauira, ko te mahi e whai ake nei ko te whakatinanatanga ki te ao tūroa, kātahi ka aromatawai mēnā ka puta he whakapainga.
6. Ngā Mātāpono Hira i roto i te Whakatauira Pūnaha
He maha ngā mātāpono hei pupuri mā te whai huatanga o te whakatauira:
1. Māmā engari rawaka: me hanga te tauira kia tino māmā, engari me taea tonu te whakautu i te pātai matua.
2. Te kaupapa o te whakatau i ngā taipitopito: kāore e hiahiatia kia tino taipitopito ngā tauira mō te mātauranga pērā i ngā tauira mō te whakamahere whakaputa.
3. Te mārama o ngā whakapae: me mārama te tuhi i ngā whakapae nā te mea ka pāngia te whakamāramatanga o ngā hua e ngā whakapae.
4. Te aro ki ngā tawhā: whakahaerehia he tātari aro ki te kite ko ēhea ngā taurangi e tino pā ana ki te putanga.
5. Whakahoutanga: Kāore i te maha ngā wā ka oti te whakatauira i te wā kotahi. I te nuinga o te wā me whakahou i muri i te whakamātautau, i te wā rānei e rerekē ai ngā whakaritenga.
7. Ngā Tauira o ngā Taupānga Whakatauira Pūnaha
Hei whakamārama, anei tētahi tauira māmā: he pūnaha rarangi i roto i tētahi wharekai kai tere. Ko te whāinga o te tauira he whakaiti i te wā tatari o ngā kaihoko. Ko ngā taurangi matua ko: te tere taenga mai o ngā kaihoko ia hāora, te wā ratonga kaiutuutu, te maha o ngā kaiutuutu, me te kaha o te kīhini. Ka taea e tātou te waihanga i tētahi tauira whakatauira motuhake hei aromatawai i te pānga o te tāpiri i ngā kaiutuutu i ngā hāora pīki. Ka taea e te tauira te whakaatu mēnā he pai ake te tāpiri i tētahi kaiutuutu i te tere ake i ngā tukanga kīhini.
Whakamutunga
Ko ngā kaupapa matua o te whakatauira pūnaha ko te mārama ki te tikanga o tētahi pūnaha, te hanga o ngā tauira, ngā momo tauira, me ngā wāhanga o te manatoko me te whakamana. Ehara i te mea ko te hanga kauwhata, ko ngā tātai rānei te kaupapa o te whakatauira, engari he tukanga whakaaro pūnaha e whakangawari ana i te mooni me te kore e ngaro te mauri o te raruraru. Mā te tauira tika, ka taea e tātou te mārama ki ngā pūnaha uaua, te whakamātautau haumaru i ngā āhuatanga rerekē, me te whakatau pai ake. I tēnei wā o ngā raraunga me te aunoatanga, kei te noho hei pūkenga nui ngā pūkenga whakatauira pūnaha mō te maha o ngā mahi - mai i ngā kaitātari pakihi me ngā miihini ki ngā kairangahau me ngā kaihanga kaupapa here.
