Te Ariā Taketake i roto i te Tipu Ōhanga o ēnei Rā
He kaupapa matua te tipu ōhanga i roto i te ōhanga, nā te mea e pā tika ana ki te whakapai ake i te oranga hapori, te waihanga mahi, me te kaha o te whenua ki te whakawhānui ake i tōna kaha whakaputa. I roto i te hītori o te whakaaro ōhanga, kua haere tonu ngā whakamārama mō te tere o te tipu o ētahi whenua i ētahi atu. Ko tētahi huarahi kua tino whai mana mai i te mutunga o te rautau 20 ko te ariā tipu ā-roto, he ariā e whakanui ana ko te pūtake matua o te tipu ka ahu mai i ngā āhuatanga i hangaia i roto i te pūnaha ōhanga, kaua i ngā āhuatanga o waho anake, i ngā "ohorere" hangarau rānei e ahu mai ana i waho.
Papamuri: Mai i te Ariā Neoclassical ki te Ariā Endogenous
I mua i te rongonuitanga o te ariā endogeneity, ko ngā tauira tipu matua ko ngā tauira neoclassical pērā i te tauira Solow-Swan. I roto i ēnei tauira, ko te tipu roa e whakatauhia ana e te ahunga whakamua hangarau o waho—ko te tikanga e whakaarohia ana ko te hangarau i ahu mai i waho o te tauira, ā, kāore i whakamāramahia ngā take. He wāhi nui tā te whakapaipai me te mahi, engari ka heke haere ngā hua. Nō reira, ki te kore he ahunga whakamua hangarau, ka puhoi haere te tipu o ia tangata.
Ko te whakahē matua mō tēnei huarahi ko: mēnā ko te hangarau te kī ki te tipu, he aha i tukua ai kia "taka mai i te rangi" me te kore whakamārama? Hei tāpiri, he uaua ki te tauira o waho te whakamārama he aha ngā kaupapa here a te iwi whānui, ngā haumitanga ki te mātauranga, te rangahau, me ngā umanga ka taea te whakaputa rerekētanga i roto i te tipu puta noa i ngā whenua.
I puta ake te ariā tipu taketake hei whakatika i tēnei āputa. Ko te tikanga, e ngana ana tēnei ariā ki te whakamārama i te ahunga whakamua hangarau me te hua hei hua o ngā whakataunga ōhanga—hei tauira, te whakatau a te kamupene ki te auaha, te whakatau a te tangata takitahi ki te haere ki te kura, te kaupapa here rānei a te kāwanatanga ki te whakatenatena i te rangahau me te whanaketanga.
Ngā Whakaaro Matua o te Ariā Tipu Tangata Whenua
Ka tīmata te ariā taketake i ētahi whakaaro nui:
1. Kāore te mātauranga me te auahatanga e whakataetae
He rerekē ki ngā taonga ā-tinana, ka taea te whakamahi i te mātauranga e te tini o ngā rōpū i te wā kotahi, engari kāore e "pau". Ina kitea e tētahi kamupene tētahi tikanga whakaputa hou, ka horapa tika, ā-kore rānei taua mātauranga, ā, ka whakapiki ake i te hua o ētahi atu. E mōhiotia ana tēnei ko te horapa o te mātauranga.
2. Te whakanui ake i ngā hokinga mai ki te tauine (te whakanui ake i ngā hokinga mai)
Nā te mea ka taea te whakamahi anō i te mātauranga, ā, he nui ngā utu mō te whakaputa whakaaro hou i te tīmatanga engari he iti mō te tāruarua, ka piki ake ngā hokinga mai o ngā ōhanga. He rerekē tēnei i ngā whakaaro neoclassical, e aro nui ana ki te hekenga o ngā hokinga mai ki te whakapaipai.
3. Te tūranga o te haumitanga mō te wā roa ki te kounga o ngā rauemi tangata
Mā te mātauranga, te hauora, te whakangungu, me te ako i te mahi (te ako mā te mahi) ka piki ake te hua. I roto i te ariā taketake, ehara te pūtea tangata i te mea tautoko noa iho engari he miihini matua mō te tipu.
4. Ka pāngia ngā reiti tipu mō te wā roa e ngā kaupapa here me ngā umanga.
Mena ko te auahatanga me te kohikohi mātauranga he hua nō ngā whakataunga ōhanga, kāti ka pā ngā kaupapa here tāke, ngā tautoko R&D, te tiakitanga o ngā rawa hinengaro, te kounga o ngā mahi tari, me te āhuarangi whakataetae ki te tipu mō te wā roa—ehara i te mea ko ngā taumata putanga tonu anake.
Ngā Tauira Matua i roto i te Ariā Taketake
I whakawhanakehia te ariā tipu taketake mā roto i ētahi tauira nui.
1. Tauira AK (Rebelo)
He āhua māmā noa iho te tauira AK e kī ana ko te putanga (Y) e whakawhirinaki ana ki te whakapaipai (K): Y = AK. Kāore he hokinga mai e heke ana, pērā i te tauira neoclassical. Ka taea e A te whakaata i te hangarau, i te hua katoa rānei. Nā te mea kāore e heke ana ngā hokinga mai ki te whakapaipai, ka taea tonu e te kohikohi whakapaipai te akiaki i te tipu mō te wā roa. I roto i ngā whakamaoritanga hou, ka uru pea ki te "whakapaipai" te whakapaipai ā-tinana me te whakapaipai tangata, te hanganga rānei.
2. Tauira Pūtea Tangata (Lucas)
E whakanui ana a Robert Lucas i te pūtake o te tipu mai i te kohikohinga o te pūtea tangata mā te mātauranga me te ako. Ko te hua o te mahi a te kaimahi ehara i te mea ko ōna ake pūkenga anake engari ko tōna taiao pāpori me te ōhanga hoki—hei tauira, ko te pānga whakahiato, te wāhi e tere haere ai te horapa o te mātauranga. Nō reira, ka taea e te haumitanga ki te mātauranga te whakaputa i ngā painga pāpori nui atu i ngā painga tūmataiti, e whakarato ana i tētahi take kaha mō te wawaotanga kaupapa here.
3. Tauira R&D me te Auahatanga (Romer)
Nā Paul Romer i whakauru mai tētahi anga e whakahaerehia ai e ngā umanga he rangahau hei waihanga i ngā taonga takawaenga hou, i ngā hoahoa hou, i ngā hangarau hou rānei. Ka puta te tipu i te auahatanga mā te whakanui ake i te momo whakaurunga me te whakanui ake i te hua. Heoi, nā te mea he utu nui, he ngāwari hoki te tārua i ngā whakaaro, ka puta ake ngā take whakatenatena. Koinei te wāhi e māramahia ai ngā patent me te tiakitanga o ngā taonga hinengaro hei huarahi hei whakatenatena i te auahatanga, ahakoa te kaha ki te waihanga i te mana monopoli rangitahi.
Ngā Pānga Kaupapahere ki te Tipu Ōhanga o ēnei Rā
Ko tētahi o ngā kaha o te ariā taketake ko tōna hiranga ki ngā kaupapa here a te iwi. Mena ka taea te awe i te tipu e ngā whakataunga haumi me te kounga o ngā umanga, ka whai wāhi ngā whenua ki te whakatere i te tipu mō te wā roa.
Ko ētahi o ngā pānga kaupapa here e kōrerohia pinepinetia ana:
1. Te haumi ki te mātauranga me te whakangungu kaimahi
Mā te whakapai ake i te urunga atu ki te mātauranga me te kounga o te mātauranga (tae atu ki te mātauranga mahi, te STEM, me te whakangungu matihiko) ka taea te whakatere i te tipu mā te whakanui ake i te hua me ngā āheinga auaha.
2. Tautoko mō te rangahau me te whanaketanga (R&D)
Mā ngā tautoko R&D, ngā whakatenatena tāke mō te auahatanga, me ngā mahi tahi a te whare wānanga me te ahumahi ka piki ake te tere o te kitenga hangarau. Nā te mea ka puta he painga pāpori nā te horapa o te mātauranga kāore i te tino tohaina e ngā kaihanga auaha, he mea nui te tautoko a te kāwanatanga.
3. Te whakawhanake i tētahi pūnaha auaha me te hinonga pakihi
E whakanui ana te tipu ā-roto i te hiranga o ngā mākete hihiri: te ngāwari o te tīmata pakihi, te urunga atu ki te pūtea, te tiakitanga o ngā kaipupuri moni, me ngā ture kāore e aukati i ngā whakamātautau pakihi.
4. Te whakapakari i ngā umanga me te kāwanatanga
Ka taea e ngā taumata tiketike o te pirau, te koretake o te ture, me te puhoi o te tari whakahaere te whakararu i ngā hihiri haumi mō te wā roa. Ka waihangahia e ngā umanga whai hua te māia mō ngā kaihanga auaha me ngā kaipupuri moni.
5. Te tuwhera ōhanga whiriwhiri me te rautaki
Ka taea e te hokohoko me te haumi ki tāwāhi te whakateretere i te horapa o te hangarau. Heoi anō, e whakanui ana hoki te ariā taketake i te hiahia mō ngā rautaki hei whakarite kia puta te whakawhiti mātauranga, pērā i te hanga kaha ā-rohe, ngā kaupapa hono-ā-umanga, te whakapakari rānei i te kaha rangahau ā-rohe.
Te Hononga i waenga i te Ōhanga Mamati me te Wā Hou
I roto i te ōhanga o ēnei rā, kei te piki haere te hiranga o te ariā o te tipu ā-roto nā te mea he maha ngā rāngai e whakawhirinaki ana ki ngā rawa kore e kitea: te pūmanawa, ngā raraunga, ngā rauropi, ngā hoahoa, me ngā waitohu. He rite ngā āhuatanga o ēnei rawa ki te mātauranga—he ngāwari te tāruarua, he whānui te horapa o ō rātou painga, ā, ka taea e rātou te whakaputa hua piki haere. Kāore i te miharo he maha ngā wā ka whakaatuhia e ngā kamupene hangarau te tipu tere me ngā pānga whatunga, e hangai ana ki te wairua o te ariā ā-roto.
Heoi anō, ka tere ake te horapa o ngā whakaaro i te panonitanga matihiko, engari ka piki ake hoki te whakataetae ā-ao. Ko ngā whenua e kaha ana ki te whakawhanake i ngā pūkenga matihiko, he ahurea auaha, me ngā ture urutau, he pai ake te whakarite mō te tipu pumau.
Te Whakahē me ngā Here
Ahakoa ōna kaha, kāore te ariā taketake e kore e whakahēngia. Tuatahi, ehara i te mea ngāwari te ine i te "mātauranga" me te "whiwhinga" mā te wheako. Tuarua, ko ētahi tauira taketake ka whakangawari i te hanganga o te ōhanga tūturu me te whakaaro ki ngā tikanga mākete motuhake. Tuatoru, kāore ngā kaupapa here auaha e angitu tonu ana—ka taea te hē te arotahi ki ngā tahua āwhina, ka taea e ngā patent te aukati i te horapa o te mātauranga, ā, ka taea e te wawaotanga a te kāwanatanga te hanga i te tūponotanga matatika mena he ngoikore te kāwanatanga.
Heoi, ko te uara matua o te ariā taketake ko tana whakarato i tētahi anga e kī ana ehara te tipu i te mea ka whakatauhia e ngā āhuatanga o waho anake, engari ka taea te hanga mā roto i ngā whakataunga haumi, te auahatanga, me te whakapakari i ngā umanga.
Te Katinga
He tirohanga nui tā te ariā tipu ā-roto hei mārama ki te tipu ōhanga o ēnei rā: ka puta ake ngā pūtake o te ahunga whakamua mō te wā roa mai i ngā tukanga ōhanga ā-roto pērā i te auahatanga, te kohikohi rawa tangata, te ako, me te horapa o te mātauranga. Kāore i rite ki ngā tauira ā-waho e titiro ana ki te hangarau hei āhuatanga o waho, e whakamārama ana te ariā ā-roto ka taea te whakapai ake i te hangarau, te hua, me te whakataetae mā roto i ngā kaupapa here e tika ana me te taiao ōhanga tautoko. I waenganui i ngā wero o te ao me te tere haere o te ōhanga matihiko, ka whakaratohia e te huarahi ā-roto he turanga pakari mō ngā whenua ki te hoahoa i ngā rautaki tipu pumau, whakauru, me te mātauranga.
