Te Ariā Ōhanga Whare: Te Mārama ki te Tūranga o ngā Whare i roto i te Ōhanga
Ko te Ariā Ōhanga Whare he peka o te ōhanga e whakanui ana i te hiranga o ngā whare - ā-ture, ā-whakahaere - ki te whakatau i te mahi ōhanga. Ka taea e ngā whare te whai i te āhua o ngā ture, ngā paerewa, ngā tikanga, me ngā pūnaha ture e whakahaere ana i ngā taunekeneke i waenga i ngā tāngata takitahi me ngā rōpū i roto i te hapori. I roto i tēnei tuhinga, ka tūhuratia e mātou ngā pūtake hītori, ngā ariā matua, me ngā tono mahi a te Ariā Ōhanga Whare ki te mārama ki te ōhanga.
Hītori me te Whanaketanga o te Ariā Ōhanga Whare
I puta tuatahi mai te Ariā Ōhanga Whare i te mutunga o te rautau 19 me te tīmatanga o te rautau 20 hei whakautu ki ngā herenga o te Ariā Ōhanga Matarohia me te Neo-Matarohia, i aro atu nei ki te kore aro ki te tūranga o ngā whare i roto i te tātari ōhanga. Ko ngā paionia o tēnei ariā, pērā i a Thorstein Veblen, Wesley Mitchell, me John R. Commons, i whakanui kāore e taea te tino mārama ki ngā whanonga ōhanga me te kore e whai whakaaro ki ngā whare e ahu mai ana i taua ariā.
Hei tauira, he rongonui a Thorstein Veblen mō tana ariā o te "tūmomo mahi toi" me tana arotake i te "whakatauira moni," e whakaatu ana ko te whanonga ōhanga he maha ngā wā ka awehia e ngā āhuatanga pāpori me ngā āhuatanga ahurea, kaua e ngā whakatenatena rauemi. I tetahi atu taha, i arotahi a Wesley Mitchell ki te ako i ngā āhuatanga pakihi me te ine i ngā raraunga ōhanga, ā, i āwhina i te whakatū i te pūtake wheako mō te ariā whakahaere. I whakanui a John R. Commons i te hiranga o te ture me te tūranga o te kāwanatanga ki te whakahaere i te ōhanga.
Nā ngā whanaketanga i muri mai i puta ai te mea e mōhiotia nei ko te "New Institutional Economics" (NIE) i te haurua tuarua o te rautau 20, me ngā tāngata pēnei i a Douglass North, Oliver Williamson, me Ronald Coase e ngana ana ki te whakakotahi i ngā āhuatanga o te tātari ōhanga iti me te ariā umanga. I whakanui a NIE i te hiranga o ngā utu tauwhitinga, ngā mana whenua, me ngā kirimana hei mārama ki te awe o ngā umanga ki te mahi ōhanga.
Ngā Ariā Matua i roto i te Ariā Ōhanga Whare
1. Ngā Whare me ngā Whakahaere
I roto i te Ariā Ōhanga Whare, he maha ngā wā ka wehewehea ngā whare i ngā whakahaere. Ko ngā whare ngā ture o te kēmu i roto i te hapori e hanga ana i ngā whanonga o ngā tāngata takitahi me ngā rōpū. Ka taea ēnei te waiho hei ture, hei ture whakahaere, hei tikanga pāpori, hei tikanga ahurea rānei. Ko ngā whakahaere, i tētahi atu taha, he hinonga motuhake e mahi ana i roto i ēnei anga whakahaere, pērā i ngā umanga, ngā kāwanatanga, ngā NGO rānei.
2. Ngā Utu Tauwhitinga
Ko tētahi o ngā ariā matua o te NIE ko ngā utu tauwhitinga, i whakaurua mai e Ronald Coase. Ko ngā utu tauwhitinga ko ngā utu e puta ana i roto i te tukanga whakawhiti taonga, ratonga rānei, pērā i ngā utu rapu mōhiohio, whiriwhiri kirimana, me te whakamana i ngā whakaaetanga. I whakaatuhia e te ariā a Coase ko te whai huatanga o te ōhanga ehara i te mea ko te utu me te rahinga anake engari ko te iti hoki o ngā utu tauwhitinga i roto i te pūnaha ōhanga.
3. Ngā Mana Pupuri
I whakanui a Douglass North i te hiranga o ngā mana whenua hei whakatairanga i te whanaketanga ōhanga. Mā ngā mana whenua mārama, ā, ka taea te whakamana, ka waihangahia he hihiri mō ngā tāngata takitahi me ngā whakahaere ki te haumi me te auaha, nā te mea e whakapono ana rātou ka riro i a rātou ngā hua o aua haumitanga. Ki te kore he mana whenua pakari, ka noho pōturi ngā ōhanga nā te mea he tokomaha te hunga e mangere ana ki te mōrearea ki te ngaro i ā rātou moni whiwhi uaua.
4. Ngā Kirimana me te Whakahaere
E whakaatu ana a Oliver Williamson i te hiranga o ngā kirimana me ngā hanganga whakahaere i roto i te ōhanga. Mā ngā hanganga kirimana whai hua ka taea te tohatoha rauemi pai ake mā te whakaiti i te koretake me te mōrearea o ngā whanonga whai wāhitanga—arā, ngā mahi a ngā tāngata takitahi, a ngā rōpū rānei e whai ana ki te whiwhi painga i runga i te utu o ētahi atu. Ko te whakahaere pai i roto i ngā kamupene me ngā kāwanatanga te mea nui ki te waihanga i tētahi taiao ōhanga pumau me te whai hua.
5. Te Whakawhirinakitanga ki te Ara
Ko te whakawhirinakitanga ara he ariā e whakanui ana i te awe o ngā whakataunga ōhanga o nāianei e te hītori o ngā umanga o mua. Arā, ka taea e te whanaketanga o tētahi umanga te whakawhāiti i ngā kōwhiringa e wātea ana i te heke mai. Mā tēnei ka whakamārama he aha te uaua me te roa o te huringa umanga, nā te mea me ārai i te awe o ngā ara whanaketanga o nāianei.
Ngā Whakamahinga Whaihua o te Ariā Ōhanga Whare
1. Te Whakahoutanga Ahuwhenua
He tauira tūturu pea te whakahoutanga ahuwhenua mō te whakamahinga o te Ariā Ōhanga Whakahaere. Mā te tohatoha anō i te whenua ki ngā kaimahi pāmu iti mā te whakarato i ngā mana pupuri mārama ka taea te whakanui ake i te hua ahuwhenua. Ina whai mana pupuri haumaru ngā kaimahi pāmu, ka nui ake te tūponotanga ka haumi rātou ki ngā whakapainga hangarau me ngā mahi ahuwhenua whai hua ake, ka taea ai te whakanui ake i ngā hua me te whakapai ake i te oranga.
2. Kaupapahere Tauhokohoko o te Ao
He mahi nui anō tā ngā umanga i roto i ngā kaupapa here hokohoko o te ao. Hei tauira, mā te noho o ngā whakahaere o te ao pēnei i te World Trade Organization (WTO) ka āwhina i te waihanga ture me ngā paerewa e whakaiti ana i ngā utu tauwhitinga me te koretake o te hokohoko o te ao. Mā ēnei tikanga me ngā ture ka taea e ngā whenua te taunekeneke i roto i tētahi pūnaha pumau ake, e taea ai te matapae, e whakatenatena ana i ngā rere o te hokohoko me te haumitanga whakawhiti-rohe.
3. Te Whakarato Ratonga Tūmatanui
Ka taea hoki te whakamahi i te Ariā Ōhanga Whare ki te tātari i te whakarato ratonga tūmatanui, pērā i te mātauranga, te hauora, me ngā hanganga. Ka taea e ngā whare ōkawa, pērā i ngā ture me ngā whakaritenga, me ngā whare ōkawa, pērā i ngā tikanga pāpori me ngā uara ahurea, te awe i te whai huatanga me te whai huatanga o ēnei tuku ratonga tūmatanui. Hei tauira, ko te mana whakahaere a te kāwanatanga, e whakapakari ana i ngā whare ā-rohe, ka taea te whakanui ake i te kawenga me te arotau i roto i te whakarato ratonga tūmatanui.
4. Te Whakawhanaketanga Ōhanga ā-Rohe
He mea nui anō hoki te Ariā Ōhanga Whare ki te whanaketanga ōhanga ā-rohe. Ko ngā whare whakahaere ā-rohe kaha, urutau hoki, he mea nui ki te kukume haumi me te waihanga i tētahi taiao pai mō te tipu ōhanga. Ko tētahi tauira o tētahi whare whakahaere ā-rohe whai hua ko tētahi rōpū ahumahi e arotau ana i te mahi tahi i waenga i ngā kamupene, te kāwanatanga, me ngā whare wānanga hei whakatenatena i te auahatanga me te whakapiki i te hua.
Arotakenga o te Ariā Ōhanga ā-Rohe
Ahakoa ōna painga e mōhiotia whānuitia ana, kāore te Ariā Ōhanga Whare i te kore he kaiwhakahē. Ko tētahi whakahē nui ko te uaua ki te whakamātautau mā te wheako nā te uaua o ngā whare me ā rātou taunekeneke whānui. E kī ana hoki ētahi kaiwhakahē he tikanga noa iho te ariā, ā, kāore i te mārama ngā matapae mō ngā putanga ōhanga.
Heoi, ahakoa ēnei whakahē, ko te Ariā Ōhanga Whare tonu tētahi o ngā anga tino kaha me te tino whai mana i roto i te ōhanga, e kawe mai ana i tētahi tirohanga whai kiko ake, whānui ake hoki ki te mārama ki ngā whanaketanga ōhanga.
Whakamutunga
Mā te Ariā Ōhanga Whare e whakamārama hohonu te āhua o te hanga a ngā whare — arā, ngā whare ōkawa pērā i ngā ture me ngā whakaritenga, me ngā whare kore ōkawa pērā i ngā tikanga pāpori me ngā tikanga ahurea — i ngā whanonga ōhanga me te awe i te mahi a te pūnaha ōhanga whānui. Mā te tiro i te ōhanga mā te tirohanga whare, ka taea e tātou te mārama whānui ake ki ngā āhuatanga e hanga ana i tō tātou ao ōhanga, mai i ngā tauine ā-rohe ki te ao whānui.
