Te Tirohanga Hanganga i roto i te Ōhanga Whakawhanake
Ko te ōhanga whanaketanga he peka o te ōhanga e ako ana me pēhea te whakapai ake a ngā whenua iti me te waenga-moni i te oranga o ō rātou iwi mā te tipu ōhanga, te whakaiti i te rawakore, te waihanga mahi, me te whakarerekētanga hanganga. I roto i te hītori o te whakaaro ōhanga whanaketanga, he maha ngā kura whakaaro nui kua awe i te huarahi e whakatakoto ai ngā tohunga mātauranga me ngā kaihanga kaupapa here i ngā rautaki whanaketanga. Ko tētahi tirohanga i whai awe nui, inā koa i waenganui o te rautau 20, ā, kei te whai tikanga tonu i ēnei rā, ko te tirohanga hanganga.
E titiro ana te tirohanga hanganga-ā-iwi ki te raruraru matua i roto i ngā whenua whakawhanake ehara i te korenga o te pūtea, te iti rānei o ngā penapena, engari ko te noho o ngā hanganga ōhanga me te pāpori kāore i te ōrite, pakari, me te kore painga i roto i te ōhanga o te ao. Arā, ko te kore whanaketanga e māramahia ana ko te hua o ngā tauira whakaputa, tohatoha, me ngā whanaungatanga hokohoko e hanga ana i ngā whanonga ōhanga. Hei aro atu ki te kore whanaketanga, ka whakanuia e ngā hanganga-ā-iwi te hiahia mō te huringa hanganga, kaua ko ngā kaupapa here ōhanga whānui mō te wā poto anake.
Ngā Pūtake o Mua me ngā Pūāhua Matua
I tino puea ake te tirohanga hanganga i muri i te Pakanga Tuarua o te Ao, i te wā i tū motuhake ai te nuinga o ngā whenua o Āhia, o Āwherika, me Amerika Latina, ā, i pāngia e ngā wero whanaketanga. I Amerika Latina, i hono tata tēnei tirohanga ki te whakaaro o te Komihana Ōhanga mō Amerika Latina me te Karipiana (ECLAC/CEPAL) i raro i te kaiārahi a Raúl Prebisch. I whakanui a Prebisch, me ētahi atu tohunga ōhanga hanganga, i ngā kore taurite i roto i te pūnaha hokohoko o te ao, i whakaarohia he kino ki ngā whenua e kaweake ana i ngā taonga matua.
Ko ētahi atu o ngā tino tangata e hono pinepine ana ki te huarahi hanganga (i roto i ngā putanga tawhito me ngā putanga rerekē) ko Celso Furtado, ko Hans Singer (mā roto i te tuhinga a Prebisch-Singer), ā, i ngā whanaketanga o muri mai, ko ngā kaipūkenga e ārahi ana ki te huarahi hanganga hou me te ariā whakawhirinakitanga. Ahakoa he aro nui ake ki te tōrangapū me te tino kaha o te ariā whakawhirinakitanga, he rite tonu te āwangawanga e puta mai ana: ko te hanganga o te ōhanga o te ao e hanga ana i ngā whanaungatanga matua-taha e mau tonu ai te kore whanaketanga.
Ngā Ariā Matua: Te Pokapū–Te Taitapa me te Hekenga o ngā Tikanga Tauhokohoko
Ko te ariā pokapū-taha e whakaahua ana i te ao hei pūnaha ōhanga kua wehea i waenga i ngā whenua ahumahi matatau (te pokapū) me ngā whenua whakawhanake e whakawhirinaki ana ki ngā taonga kaweake (te taha). Ka whakaputa te pokapū i ngā taonga hangahanga he nui te uara tāpiri, ko te taha ia e whakarato ana i ngā rauemi mata me ngā hua tuatahi.
I roto i tēnei anga, ka whakanuia e ngā tohunga hanganga te ariā a Prebisch–Singer mō te hekenga o ngā tikanga hokohoko. E kī ana tēnei ariā, i te wā roa, ka puhoi ake te pikinga o ngā utu o ngā taonga matua i ngā utu o ngā taonga hanga. Nō reira, me kaweake atu ngā whenua taha ki ngā taonga kia rite te nui o ngā taonga hanga. Ka whakawhāitihia e tēnei āhuatanga te kaha o ngā whenua whakawhanake ki te kohikohi moni ke, ki te kawemai mīhini, me te hanga ahumahi.
E whakamārama ana hoki ngā tohunga hanganga kāore ngā mākete o te ao e mahi "koretake" i ngā wā katoa. Kei ngā whenua o waenganui te mana mākete, te hangarau, me ngā umanga e pai ake ai te pupuri i ō rātou painga. I taua wā, he maha ngā wā ka pāngia ngā whenua whakawhanake e te piki me te heke o te utu o ngā taonga, te whakawhirinaki ki ētahi hua kaweake, me te ngoikore o te mana whiriwhiri i roto i ngā mekameka uara o te ao.
Te Takirua Hanganga me te Tauritekore ā-Roto
Haunga te whakanui i ngā hanganga ā-ao, e whakanui ana hoki te tirohanga hanganga i te takirua ā-whare. He maha ngā whenua whakawhanake he rāngai hou e whai hua ana (ahumahi tāone, ratonga ōkawa) me ngā rāngai tuku iho iti te hua (ahuwhenua oranga, rāngai ōkawa). Mā tēnei takirua ka kore e mimiti aunoa te tipu i te tini o te hunga mahi, ka hua ake te kore mahi huna me te rawakore nui tonu.
He ā-rohe anō hoki tēnei kore taurite: he tere ake te whanaketanga o ngā tāone nui i ngā tāone tuawhenua. Mēnā ka whakaoho noa ngā kaupapa here whanaketanga i te tipu o te rāngai hou me te kore he rautaki hei whakataurite i ngā whai wāhitanga, ka puta ko te "tipu me te kore whanaketanga": ka piki te GDP, engari ka whānui haere te kore taurite, ā, ka tino puhoi te whakaiti i te rawakore.
E whakapono ana ngā tohunga hanganga ka taea e ngā mākete mahi, te mana whenua, te urunga ki te mātauranga, me ngā hanganga whakaputa te hanga arai ki te nekenekehanga pāpori. Nō reira, ehara i te mea ko te whakarerekētanga hanganga he take noa iho o te whakarerekētanga o ngā rāngai ōhanga, engari ko te whakahou anō hoki i ngā umanga pāpori me te pāpori.
Rautaki Ahumahi me te Whakakapinga Kawemai (ISI)
Ko tētahi o ngā taunakitanga kaupapa here rongonui a te kura hanganga tawhito ko te ahumahi mā te whakakapinga kawemai (ISI). Ko te tikanga, me whakaiti e ngā whenua whakawhanake tō rātou whakawhirinaki ki ngā taonga hanga kawemai mā te hanga i ngā ahumahi ā-rohe e kaha ana ki te whakaputa i aua taonga.
Ko te tikanga ka tutukihia te ISI mā te tiaki i ngā taripa, ngā rohenga kawemai, ngā tautoko, me te whai wāhi kaha a te kāwanatanga ki ngā haumitanga ahumahi. Ehara i te mea ko te "whawhai" noa iho i te hokohoko te whāinga, engari ko te waihanga i tētahi turanga ahumahi e āhei ai te whakapiki i te hua, te whakawhiti hangarau, me te waihanga mahi ōkawa.
Ki ngā tohunga hanganga, e kitea ana te ahumahi hei huarahi ki te panoni hanganga: te nekehanga o ngā kaimahi mai i ngā rāngai iti te hua ki ngā rāngai teitei te hua. Mō te wā roa, e matapaetia ana ka whakapakari ake tēnei i te kaha o ngā whenua whakawhanake ki te kaweake i ngā taonga hanga me te whakapai ake i tō rātou tūranga i roto i te hokohoko o te ao.
Te Tūranga o te Kāwanatanga: Te Kāwanatanga hei Ākena o te Hurihanga
He rerekē tēnei i te huarahi laissez-faire, e aro nui ana ki te iti o te wawaotanga a te kāwanatanga, e titiro ana ngā tohunga hanganga ki te kāwanatanga hei kaiwhakaari nui i roto i te whanaketanga. E hangai ana tēnei ki te whakaaro he maha ngā wā ka hinga ngā mākete i ngā whenua whakawhanake (ngā hinganga mākete), hei tauira, nā te kore o ngā mōhiohio, ngā āhuatanga hangarau o waho, te iti o ngā hanganga, me te iti o te urunga ki te pūtea.
E hiahiatia ana te kāwanatanga kia:
1. Te hoahoa i ngā kaupapa here ahumahi: te whiriwhiri i ngā rāngai matua, te whakatenatena i te ako hangarau, me te hanga i te kaha whakaputa.
2. Te hanga hanganga: ngā rori, te hiko, ngā tauranga, me te hononga e whakaiti ana i ngā utu whakahaere.
3. Te whakahoutanga ahuwhenua me ngā kaupapa here taiwhenua: te whakanui ake i te hua ahuwhenua, te whakapakari i te haumarutanga kai, me te whakaiti i te kore taurite o te mana pupuri.
4. Whakawhanake i ngā umanga pūtea whanaketanga: ngā peeke whanaketanga me ngā kaupapa nama e tautoko ana i te haumitanga mō te wā roa.
5. Te whakahaere i te pumau o te ao whānui: te whakaiti i te pānga o te pōrearea o waho, tae atu ki ngā pōrearea o ngā utu o ngā taonga me ngā rerenga whakapaipai.
Mai i te tirohanga a te hunga hanganga, ko te angitu o te whanaketanga e whakawhirinaki ana ki te kaha o te tari me te kounga o ngā umanga. E kiia ana he mea tika te wawaotanga a te kāwanatanga, engari me haere tahi me te whakahaere pai kia kore ai e puta te koretake, te pirau rānei.
Arotakenga o te Hanganga
Ahakoa tōna mana nui, kāore te tirohanga hanganga tawhito i te kore he kaiwhakahē. Nā ngā kaupapa here ISI i ētahi whenua kua iti ake te whakataetae o ngā ahumahi nā te roa o te tiakitanga. I ētahi wā ka whakatairangahia e te tiakitanga kaha te "rapu reti," he whanonga e rapu ana i ngā hua mā roto i ngā hononga tata ki te kāwanatanga, kaua mā roto i te auahatanga me te whai huatanga o te whakaputa. Hei tāpiri, ko te nui rawa o te pūtea mō te ahumahi me te kore he turanga kaweake kaha ka puta he hapa taurite utu me ngā raruraru nama.
E kī ana ētahi atu kairīti kāore te hanganga ture e āhei ki te whakauru i ngā hihiri kaipakihi, ngā akiaki mākete, me te hiranga o te tuwhera hokohoko. Ko ngā wheako o "ngā whenua hou kua ahu whakamua" i Āhia ki te Rāwhiti—pērā i a Kōrea ki te Tonga me Taiwan—e whakahuatia pinepinetia ana hei tauira o te angitu o te ahumahi, ehara i te mea nā te tiakitanga anake, engari nā te whakakotahitanga o ngā kaupapa here ahumahi whai tikanga, te arotahi ki ngā kaweake, me te aromatawai pakari i te mahi a ngā kamupene e whiwhi tautoko ana.
Hanganga Hou me te Hiranga o Nāianei
I ngā whanaketanga hou ake nei, kua puta ake te mea e kiia ana ko te "hanganga hou," arā, he huarahi e whakakotahi ana i ngā māramatanga hanganga me ngā āhuatanga tūturu o te ao whānui. Kua nekehia te arotahi mai i te whakakapinga kawemai kati ki te panonitanga hanganga e ahu mai ana i te whakataetae, te ako hangarau, me te whakaurunga whiriwhiri ki roto i ngā mekameka uara o te ao.
E whakaatu ana ngā take o nāianei i te hiranga o te hanganga i roto i tētahi āhua hou. He raruraru tonu te whakawhirinaki ki ngā taonga hokohoko mō te maha o ngā whenua, inā koa kei te heke ngā utu o te ao. Hei tāpiri, ko ngā wero ahumahi inaianei ko te aunoatanga, te ōhanga matihiko, me te whakawhiti pūngao matomato. Kei te tūpono ngā whenua whakawhanake ki te "whakakorenga ahumahi wawe," te wā e puta ai te tukanga i mua i te pakeketanga o te umanga hanga. Ka ara ake he pātai nui: me pēhea te whakatinana i tētahi rautaki whakarerekētanga hanganga i tētahi wā kāore e nui te hunga mahi e whakamahia ana e te hanga pērā i mua?
Ko te tirohanga hanganga e tuku ana i te whakautu ko te whanaketanga me huri tonu i ngā hanganga whakaputa, tae atu ki te whakanui ake i te uaua o te ōhanga, te kanorau o ngā kaweake, me te whakarei ake i ngā āheinga hangarau. Me hanga e ngā whenua ngā kaupapa here e whakatenatena ana i ngā rāngai whakaputa hua teitei, ahakoa i roto i te hanga hou, i te ahumahi ahuwhenua, i ngā ratonga hangarau rānei, me te aro tonu ki te ōritetanga.
Te Katinga
E whakaakona ana e te tirohanga hanganga i roto i te ōhanga whanaketanga, kāore e taea te mārama ko te ngoikore o te ōhanga he korenga o te pūtea, he take kaupapa here whānui rānei. He hononga tata te ngoikore o te whanaketanga ki ngā hanganga ōhanga ā-rohe takirua, ngā umanga kore-whakauru, me te tūranga taurite o ngā whenua whakawhanake i roto i te pūnaha ōhanga o te ao. Nō reira, e ai ki ngā tohunga hanganga, me huri te hanganga mā te ahumahi, te kanorau ōhanga, me te whai wāhi kaha a te kāwanatanga ki te aro atu ki ngā ngoikoretanga o te mākete me te hanga kaha whakaputa.
Ahakoa kua whakahēngia ētahi kaupapa here hanganga tawhito, he mea nui tonu te ariā matua: ko te whanaketanga he tukanga whakarerekētanga taketake i roto i ngā hanganga whakaputa me te tohatoha e whakatau ana ko wai ka whai hua mai i te tipu. I waenganui i ngā wero o te ao o ēnei rā—te pōrearea o te ōhanga, te kore taurite, me te huringa hangarau—kei te whai tikanga tonu te tirohanga hanganga hei anga mō te mārama he aha ētahi whenua e uaua ana ki te "neke ake" me ngā mea e tika ana kia mahia hei whakarite i te whanaketanga tino whānui me te pumau.
