Te Whakataurite i te Ōhanga Moroiti me te Ōhanga Makro
Mō te mārama ki te ōhanga, e rua ngā peka matua e arohia ana e ngā kaipūtea me ngā kairangahau: ko te ōhanga iti me te ōhanga nui. Ahakoa e hono tahi ana ngā mea e rua, ā, he mea nui ki te mārama ki te ōhanga whānui, he rerekē ngā wāhanga ako me ngā huarahi o ia mea. Ka matapakihia e tēnei tuhinga te whakatairite i waenga i te ōhanga iti me te ōhanga nui mai i ngā tirohanga rerekē, tae atu ki ngā whakamāramatanga, te whānuitanga, ngā whāinga tātari, ngā huarahi ariā, me ngā tauira o ā rāua whakamahinga.
Te Whakamāramatanga o te Ōhanga Moroiti me te Ōhanga Makaro
Te ōhanga iti
Ko te ōhanga moroiti he peka o te ōhanga e ako ana i ngā mahi a ngā tāngata takitahi me ngā umanga me ā rātou taunekeneke i te mākete. Ina koa, ko te ōhanga moroiti e arotahi ana ki te whakatau a ngā kaihoko me ngā kaihanga, me te whakatau i ngā utu me ngā rahinga o ngā taonga me ngā ratonga mā roto i ēnei taunekeneke. Ka tātarihia e te ōhanga moroiti te whakamahinga o ngā rauemi iti pēnei i te wā, te moni, me te mahi hei whakatutuki i ngā hiahia me ngā wawata o te tangata.
Te ōhanga whānui
Ko te ōhanga nui, i tētahi atu taha, he peka o te ōhanga e ako ana i ngā āhuatanga ōhanga katoa. Kei roto i tēnei ko te tātari i te tipu ōhanga, te pikinga utu, te kore mahi, me ngā kaupapa here ōhanga a te kāwanatanga. Ko te whāinga o te ōhanga nui he mārama ki ngā tauira whānui me ngā ia o te ōhanga o tētahi whenua, o te ao whānui rānei. Mā roto i tēnei tātari, ka rapu ngā tohunga ōhanga nui i ngā huarahi hei whakatutuki i te pumau ōhanga me te tipu pumau.
Whānuitanga
Te ōhanga iti
Ko te whānuitanga o te ōhanga moroiti e kapi ana i ngā āhuatanga maha he tino motuhake ake, he tino taipitopito ake i te ōhanga nui. Ko ētahi o ngā kaupapa matua o te ōhanga moroiti ko:
1. Te Ariā o te Tuku me te Tono: Kei roto i tēnei ko te tātari i te taunekeneke a ngā kaihoko me ngā kaihanga i te mākete hei whakatau i ngā utu me ngā rahinga o ngā taonga me ngā ratonga e hokohokohia ana.
2. Ariā Kaihoko: Ka tirotiro i te huarahi e whiriwhiri ai ngā kaihoko ki te whakapau i ā rātou moni, me te awe o ngā utu me te moni whiwhi ki ēnei whakataunga.
3. Ariā Whakaputa me te Utu: Te ako i te huarahi e whakatau ai ngā kaihanga i te maha o ngā taonga me ngā ratonga hei whakaputa, me ngā utu e pā ana ki taua whakaputanga.
4. Hanganga Mākete: Te tātari i ngā momo mākete pēnei i te whakataetae tino tika, te monopoli, te oligopoly, me te whakataetae monopoli.
5. Ōhanga Oranga: E kapi ana i te ako i te tohatoha o ngā rauemi me te oranga hapori, me pēhea hoki te whakanui ake i te oranga whānui e te hapori.
Te ōhanga whānui
He whānui ake te whānuitanga o te ōhanga whānui, ā, e kapi ana i te awe o ngā āhuatanga ōhanga nui. Ko ētahi o ngā kaupapa matua o te ōhanga whānui ko:
1. Te Tipu Ōhanga: Te tātari i ngā āhuatanga e awe ana i te pikinga o te putanga ōhanga i roto i te wā.
2. Te Pikinga Utu: Ka tirohia ngā take o te pikinga utu whānui i roto i te ōhanga me ōna pānga ki te mana hoko.
3. Te Kore Mahi: Te ako i ngā take me ngā hua o te kore mahi me ngā mahi ka taea te mahi hei whakaiti.
4. Kaupapahere Pūtea me te Moni: E kapi ana i te tūranga o te kāwanatanga me te peeke matua ki te whakahaere i te ōhanga mā te tahua me te kaupapahere moni.
5. Taurite Tauhokohoko me te Pūtea ā-Ao: Ka tirohia ngā taunekeneke ōhanga o tētahi whenua me ētahi atu whenua, tae atu ki ngā kaweake, ngā kawemai, me ngā rerenga whakapaipai.
Te Kaupapa o te Tātari
Te ōhanga iti
Ko te whāinga matua o te tātari ōhanga iti ko te mārama me te matapae i te huarahi e whakatau ai ngā tāngata takitahi me ngā whakahaere i ngā whakataunga ōhanga. Nō reira, e whai ana te ōhanga iti ki te whakatutuki i ētahi whāinga matua:
1. Te Arotau Rauemi: Te mārama ki te huarahi pai hei tohatoha i ngā rauemi iti hei whakatutuki i ngā hiahia tino nui.
2. Ngā Utu me ngā Putanga Whai Hua: Te whakatau me pēhea te eke o ngā utu me ngā rahinga o ngā taonga me ngā ratonga i roto i tētahi mākete whakataetae ki te taurite.
3. Ariā Kēmu me te Rautaki: Ka tūhuratia te taunekeneke a ngā kaiwhakaari ōhanga i roto i te horopaki o te whakataetae me te mahi tahi hei whakanui ake i ā rātou hua.
4. Te Whakapai Ake i te Oranga: Mā te tātari i te oranga me te tohatoha moni whiwhi, ka whai te ōhanga moroiti ki te whakarite kia tino whai hua te tohatoha o ngā rauemi ki te hapori whānui.
Te ōhanga whānui
I te taumata whānui, ko te whāinga matua o te tātari ōhanga whānui ko te mārama ki ngā whanaketanga whānui o te ōhanga me te whakawhanake i ngā kaupapa here hei whakapai ake i ngā āhuatanga ōhanga. Ko ngā whāinga matua ko:
1. Te Whakapūmau i te Ōhanga: Te whakahaere i te ōhanga hei karo i ngā piki me ngā heke o te huringa pakihi pērā i te hokinga whakamuri o te ōhanga, te pikinga rānei o te uara o te ōhanga.
2. Te Tipu Ōhanga Tauwhiro: Te whakarite i te tipu ōhanga tauwhiro ka taea te waihanga mahi me te whakapai ake i ngā paerewa oranga.
3. Taurite o ngā Utu: Te whakarite kia mau tonu te pumau o ngā whakawhitiwhitinga ōhanga me ētahi atu whenua.
4. Te Whakahaere i te Pikinga Utu me te Kore Mahi: Te whakawhanake i ngā kaupapa here hei pehi i te pikinga utu me te kore mahi ki ngā taumata e whakaaetia ana.
Huarahi me te Tikanga Tātari
Te ōhanga iti
He maha ngā wā ka whakamahia e te tātari i roto i te ōhanga moroiti ngā huarahi tino hanganga me ngā tauira pāngarau hei whakamana i ngā ariā. Ko ētahi o ngā tikanga tātari noa i roto i te ōhanga moroiti ko:
1. Tauira Tuku me te Tono: Ngā kauwhata me ngā mahi pāngarau e whakaatu ana i te whanaungatanga i waenga i te utu me te nui o ngā taonga, ngā ratonga rānei.
2. Tātari Tawhā: He tikanga e uru ana ki te tatau i ngā tāpiritanga iti, ngā whakahekenga rānei o ngā taurangi ōhanga hei tiro i tōna pānga ki ngā hua me ngā utu.
3. Ariā Whaihua: He tauira e ine ana i te pai o te kaihoko, ā, e āwhina ana ki te whakamārama i ngā kōwhiringa me ngā manakohanga a te kaihoko.
4. Tātari Utu-Painga: Ko te tukanga tirotiro i ngā painga me ngā ngoikoretanga o tētahi whakataunga motuhake hei whakarite i te whai huatanga ohaoha.
Te ōhanga whānui
Ko te tātari ōhanga whānui he tikanga e whakamahi ana i ngā raraunga whakahiato me ngā tauira ōhanga whānui. Ko ētahi tikanga tātari noa i roto i te ōhanga whānui ko:
1. Tauira Ōhanga Whakakotahi: Te whakamahinga o ngā tauira pāngarau hei whakaata i te whanaungatanga i waenga i ngā taurangi ōhanga whānui pēnei i te GDP, te pikinga utu, me te kore mahi.
2. Tātari Raraunga Raupapa-Wā: He tikanga tatauranga e whakamahi ana i ngā raraunga o mua hei matapae i ngā au ohanga ā muri ake nei.
3. Whakatauira Kaupapa Here: Ngā tauira rorohiko ka taea te whakatauira i te pānga o ngā kaupapa here ōhanga rerekē.
4. Ngā Rangahau Whakamātautau: Te tātari i ngā raraunga tuturu hei whakamātautau i ngā ariā me ngā kaupapa here ōhanga whānui.
Ngā Tauira Taupānga
Te ōhanga iti
Ka kitea ngā tauira o ngā tono ōhanga moroiti i roto i ngā āhuatanga mahi maha, pēnei i:
1. Te Utu a te Kamupene: Te whakatau a ngā kamupene i ngā utu mō ā rātou hua i runga i ngā utu whakaputa me te tono a te mākete.
2. Tātari Mākete Kaihoko: Te ako i ngā whanonga a te kaihoko i a ia e hoko ana i ētahi taonga pēnei i ngā waea atamai me ngā motuka.
3. Kaupapahere Tautoko me te Taake: Te pānga o ngā tautoko, ngā taake rānei ki te tuku me te tono o ētahi taonga pēnei i te wahie, te hikareti rānei.
Te ōhanga whānui
I taua wā tonu, ko ngā tauira o ngā tono ōhanga whānui ka puta pinepine i roto i ngā horopaki whānui, pēnei i:
1. Kaupapahere Pūtea a te Peeke Matua: Te whakamahinga a ngā peeke matua i ngā taputapu pēnei i ngā reiti huamoni hei whakahaere i te pikinga utu me te awe i ngā āhuatanga ōhanga.
2. Kaupapahere Pūtea a te Kāwanatanga: Ngā whakapaunga me ngā taake a te kāwanatanga hei whakau i te ōhanga.
3. Te Mahi Tahi Ōhanga o te Ao: Te pānga o ngā whakaaetanga hokohoko, o ngā huringa rānei o ngā kaupapa here taripa ki te ōhanga o tētahi whenua.
Whakamutunga
He peka nui, he peka tautoko hoki ngā ohanga iti me ngā ohanga whānui, hei mārama ki te mahi a te ohanga. Ko te ohanga iti, me tōna arotahi ki ngā tāngata takitahi me ngā umanga, ka āwhina i a tātou ki te mārama ki ngā kaupapa matua o te whakatau kaupapa me ngā mākete. Ko te ohanga whānui, i tētahi atu taha, me tōna arotahi ki te ohanga whānui, ka tuku māramatanga ki te pānga o ngā kaupapa here me ngā āhuatanga nui ki te pumau me te tipu o te ohanga. Mā te ako hohonu i ngā mea e rua, ka taea e tātou te whiwhi tirohanga whānui ake mō te ohanga me ngā huarahi hei whakapai ake i te oranga o te hapori.
