Te Tūranga o te Kāwanatanga i roto i te Ōhanga
He tūranga nui tā te kāwanatanga i roto i te pūnaha ōhanga o tētahi whenua. Kei roto i tēnei tūranga ngā āhuatanga maha, mai i te whakahaere ture me te tohatoha ki te whakatau i te pumau, tae atu ki te mahi tohatoha rauemi o nāianei. He maha ngā wā ka tautohetia te hiranga o te tūranga a te kāwanatanga i roto i te ōhanga, inā koa i roto i te horopaki o ngā ōhanga whakawhanake me ngā ōhanga kua whanake. Ka arotakehia e tēnei tuhinga ētahi o ngā tūranga matua a te kāwanatanga ki te pupuri i te taurite me te hauora ōhanga.
1. Te Ture Ōhanga
Ko tētahi o ngā mahi matua a te kāwanatanga i roto i te ōhanga ko te whakatū ture hei whakarite kia pai te whakahaere a ngā mākete me te tika. Me whai ture hei ārai i ngā mahi mākete kino pērā i te monopolies, te oligopolies, me te tinihanga. Ka whakatū te kāwanatanga i ngā ture maha me whai e ngā kamupene kia pai ai te whakahaere a te ōhanga me te whakataetae. Ko ēnei ture e pā ana ki:
– Te Tiakitanga Kaihoko: Kua whakarewahia e te kāwanatanga ngā ture hei tiaki i ngā kaihoko mai i ngā mahi pakihi hē mā roto i ngā umanga pēnei i te Tari Tiakitanga Kaihoko ā-Motu.
– Taiao: Ka whakahaere te kāwanatanga i ngā paerewa taiao kia mōhio ai kei ngā kamupene te kawenga mō ngā pānga pāpori me te taiao o ā rātou mahi.
– Te Whakapūmau i ngā Utu: He maha ngā wā ka wawao te kāwanatanga ki te whakahaere i ngā utu hei ārai i te pikinga nui o ngā utu, te hekenga rānei o ngā utu.
2. Te Tohatoha Moni Whiwhi
He raruraru nui te kore taurite o te whiwhinga moni i roto i te ōhanga o te ao. Nō reira, ko te tohatoha tika o te rawaka he whāinga ōhanga e whaia ana e ngā kāwanatanga. Ka whai ngā kāwanatanga ki te tohatoha tika i te whiwhinga moni mā roto i ngā kaupapa here maha, pēnei i:
– Kaupapahere Taake: Ka whakatinanahia e te kāwanatanga tētahi pūnaha taake ahu whakamua, e nui ake ai te taake a te hunga whiwhi moni nui i te hunga whiwhi moni iti. Kātahi ka whakamahia ngā moni whiwhi mai i ēnei taake mō ngā kaupapa oranga hapori.
– Ngā Kaupapa Āwhina Hapori: Kei te whakahaerehia hoki e te kāwanatanga ngā kaupapa āwhina maha pēnei i ngā tahua āwhina, ngā whare utu iti, me ngā kaupapa mātauranga kore utu mō te hunga rawakore.
Mā tēnei, ka whai wāhi te kāwanatanga ki te whakaiti i te kore taurite o te pāpori me te ōhanga, kia whai wāhi ōrite ai ngā taumata katoa o te hapori ki te whakawhanake i a rātou anō.
3. Te Whakapūmautanga Ōhanga
He mahi nui tā te kāwanatanga ki te pupuri i te pumau o te ōhanga. Ki te kore te kāwanatanga e wawao, ka pāngia ngā mākete kore utu e ngā piki me ngā heke e kore e taea te matapae, ka arahi pea ki ngā hokinga whakamuri me te pikinga utu nui. Ko ētahi o ngā huarahi e whakapumau ai te kāwanatanga i te ōhanga ko:
– Kaupapahere Pūtea: Ka whakahaere te kāwanatanga i ngā moni whiwhi me ngā whakapaunga a te kāwanatanga hei pupuri i te taurite ōhanga. Hei tauira, i roto i te wā o te paheketanga ohaoha, ka taea e te kāwanatanga te whakanui ake i ngā whakapaunga a te iwi hei whakaoho i te tipu ōhanga.
– Kaupapahere Pūtea: Mā te peeke matua, ka whakahaerehia e te kāwanatanga te tuku moni me ngā reiti huamoni hei pupuri i te pumau o ngā utu. Hei tauira, mā te whakapiki ake i ngā reiti huamoni hei aukati i te pikinga utu, mā te whakaheke rānei i aua reiti hei whakaoho i te nama me te haumi.
– Te Wawaotanga i te Mākete Moni: He maha tonu ngā wā ka wawao ngā Kāwanatanga ki te mākete moni hei pupuri i ngā reiti whakawhiti moni pumau, he mea nui tēnei mō te hokohoko o te ao.
4. Te Whakawhanaketanga Hanganga
He mahi nui tā te kāwanatanga ki te whakawhanake i ngā hanganga, koinei te poutokomanawa o te tipu ōhanga. Ko ngā hanganga pēnei i ngā rori, ngā rēriwe, ngā tauranga, ngā taunga rererangi me ētahi atu whare te tūāpapa matua e tautoko ana i ngā mahi ōhanga. Ko te kāwanatanga te kawenga mō te hanga i ēnei hanganga nā te mea:
– Ka kukume mai te hanganga pai i te haumitanga ā-rohe me tāwāhi, nā te mea ka taea te whakaiti i ngā utu whakaputa me te tohatoha mō ngā kamupene.
– Whakanuia te Hua: Mā te hanganga rawaka ka piki ake te hua o te hapori, hei tauira, mā te poto ake o te wā haere nā te maeneene o ngā rori.
– Te Wātea: Mā te hanganga ka taea te whakatuwhera i te urunga atu ki ngā wāhi tūroa i uaua ki te tae atu i mua, ā, ka piki ake te whakaurunga ōhanga me te pāpori.
5. Ngā Kaiwhakarato Ratonga Tūmatanui
He mahi anō tā te kāwanatanga ki te whakarato i ngā ratonga tūmatanui e tino hiahiatia ana e te marea. Kei roto i ēnei ratonga ko te hauora, te mātauranga, te haumarutanga, me ērā atu mea. He mea nui te noho o ēnei ratonga tūmatanui nā te mea:
– Mātauranga: Ko te mātauranga te tūāpapa matua mō te tipu ōhanga mō te wā roa. Ka whakaratohia e te kāwanatanga he pūnaha mātauranga ōkawa kounga teitei, utu tika hoki, kia taea ai e te tangata te whakawhanake i ō rātou pūmanawa.
Hauora: Mā te pūnaha hauora pai ka pai ake te kounga o te oranga o te tangata, ā, ka piki ake te hua ohaoha.
– Haumarutanga: Ko te pumau me te haumarutanga tōrangapū ngā mea e hiahiatia ana mō te taiao pai mō te tipu ōhanga. Ka whakarite te kāwanatanga i te haumarutanga mā roto i ngā tari whakahaere ture me te ope taua.
6. Rangahau me te Whakawhanake
I tēnei ao hangarau me te ao mōhiohio o ēnei rā, he mea nui te auahatanga ki te oranga me te tipu ōhanga o te motu. He mahi tā te kāwanatanga ki te rangahau me te whanaketanga (R&D) mā roto i:
– Te Pūtea Rangahau: Ko te nuinga o te wā ka putea e te kāwanatanga te nuinga o ngā rangahau me ngā mahi auaha i roto i ngā whare wānanga me ētahi atu whare rangahau.
– Te Mahi Ngātahi me te Rāngai Tūmataiti: He maha ngā wā ka mahi tahi te kāwanatanga me te rāngai tūmataiti i roto i ngā kaupapa R&D hei whakarite kia taea te whakamahi tika i ngā hua rangahau ki roto i te ahumahi.
– Te Whakatairanga i te Auahatanga: Ka waihangahia e te kāwanatanga he taiao pai mō te auahatanga mā roto i ngā kaupapa here mō ngā mana pateni me ngā mana pupuri hinengaro e tiaki ana i ngā kaihanga.
7. Te wikitoria i te korenga o te mākete
Kāore ngā mākete e mahi tika i ngā wā katoa. Tērā ētahi wāhi kāore e taea e te mākete te whakarato i ngā taonga me ngā ratonga e tika ana. Hei tauira, ko ngā taonga tūmatanui pērā i ngā rawa nui o te motu me ngā ratonga ohorere, kāore e whai hua ki te rāngai tūmataiti. I roto i ēnei horopaki, kei te noho te kāwanatanga hei whakatika i ēnei ngoikoretanga o te mākete. Ko ētahi tauira o ngā taonga me ngā ratonga e whakaratohia ana e te kāwanatanga ko:
– Te Haumarutanga ā-Motu: He taonga tūmatanui te parepare whenua e kore e taea te tuku katoa ki te rāngai tūmataiti.
– Mātauranga Taketake me te Hauora: Mā te whakapūmau i te urunga atu ki te mātauranga taketake me te hauora kounga mō ngā taumata katoa o te hapori, ka pumau te oranga ōhanga me te hauora mō te wā roa.
– Taiao me ngā Rauemi Taiao: Ka whakahaere te kāwanatanga i ngā rauemi taiao kia kore ai e whakamahia nuitia e ngā kamupene e whai ana i ngā hua poto noa iho.
Whakamutunga
Kāore e taea te whakakorekore he mea nui, he mea nui hoki te tūranga o te kāwanatanga i roto i te ōhanga. He maha ngā tūranga o te kāwanatanga, mai i te whakahaere ture me te tohatoha moni whiwhi ki te whakatau i te ōhanga me te whakawhanaketanga hanganga, ki te whakarato ratonga tūmatanui me te rangahau. Ko ēnei tūranga katoa he whakaaturanga o te tūranga o te kāwanatanga ki te pupuri i te taurite me te tika i roto i te pūnaha ōhanga. Ko te taurite hauora i waenga i te wawaotanga a te kāwanatanga me ngā kaha o te mākete te mea nui ki te whakatutuki i te tipu ōhanga whānui me te pumau.
