Te Hiranga o te Ōhanga Whakahaere
Ko te ōhanga whakahaere he mara ako e hono ana i te ariā ōhanga me te mahi whakatau i roto i ngā whakahaere, inā koa ngā kamupene. I waenganui i te whakataetae pakihi e kaha haere ana, te tere o te hurihanga o ngā manakohanga a ngā kaihoko, me te koretake o te ōhanga o te ao, he mea nui te kaha o ngā kaiwhakahaere ki te whakatau whakaaro nui, e ahu mai ana i ngā raraunga. Koinei te wāhi e uru mai ai te ōhanga whakahaere: te āwhina i ngā kaiwhakahaere ki te mārama ki ngā raruraru, te aromatawai i ngā kōwhiringa, te matapae i ō rātou pānga, me te whiriwhiri i ngā rautaki tino whai hua hei whakatutuki i ngā whāinga whakahaere.
Te Whakamāramatanga o te Ōhanga Whakahaere
I te whakarapopototanga, ko te ōhanga whakahaere te whakamahinga o ngā ariā ōhanga, ngā taputapu, me ngā tikanga tātari ki te whakatau kaupapa whakahaere. Ehara i te mea ko te mārama ki te mahi a te ōhanga anake te arotahi, engari ko te whakamahinga o ngā mātāpono ōhanga hei whakaoti rapanga o te ao tūturu pēnei i te utu, te whakamahere whakaputa, te whakahaere utu, te rautaki hokohoko, te haumi, me te whakahaere mōrearea.
Ka whakakotahi te ōhanga whakahaere i ngā momo mara rerekē pērā i te ōhanga iti (ngā whanonga a te kaihoko me te umanga), te ōhanga whānui (te pikinga utu, ngā reiti huamoni, te tipu ōhanga), ngā tatauranga, ngā pāngarau pakihi, me te pūtaiao whakahaere. Mā tēnei whakakotahitanga ka taea e ngā kaiwhakahaere te whakatau i ngā whakataunga hanganga me te ine, kaua e whakawhirinaki noa ki te māramatanga.
He aha te hiranga o te Ōhanga Whakahaere?
1. Āwhina i te Whakataunga Whaiaro me te Pūnaha
I te ao pakihi, ka pā mai ngā hua kino ki ngā whakataunga hē: ngā mate pūtea, te ngaronga o te wāhi mākete, tae atu ki te korenga o te mahi. Ka āwhina te ōhanga whakahaere i ngā kaiwhakahaere ki te whakatakoto whakatau arorau mā roto i ngā mahi tātari mārama: te tautuhi i ngā raruraru, te tautuhi i ngā whāinga, te whakawhanake i ngā huarahi kē atu, te tātari i ngā utu me ngā painga, te paunatia ngā mōrearea, kātahi ka whiriwhiri i te kōwhiringa pai rawa atu.
Hei tauira, ina hiahia tētahi kamupene ki te whakatuwhera i tētahi peka hou, ka āwhina te ōhanga whakahaere ki te aromatawai i te tono pea, ngā utu whakahaere, te taumata whakataetae, me ngā matapae hua. He pakari ake ngā whakataunga nā te mea i ahu mai i te tātari, ehara i te whakapae noa iho.
2. Te Mārama ki te Whanoke a te Kaihoko me te Hiahia o te Mākete
He mea nui te mārama ki te tono hei whakatau i te rautaki pakihi. Ka ako te ōhanga whakahaere i te ariā o te ngāwari o te tono, arā, te tairongo o ngā kaihoko ki ngā huringa utu. Mena he ngāwari te tono, ka taea e te pikinga utu te whakaiti tere i ngā hoko. I tetahi atu taha, ki te kore e ngāwari te tono, he nui ake te wāhi o te kamupene ki te whakapiki i ngā utu me te kore e ngaro ngā kaihoko nui.
Mā te mārama ki ngā whanonga a te kaihoko, ka taea e ngā kaiwhakahaere te hanga i ngā rautaki utu tika, whakatairanga, me te rerekētanga hua. Ka taea e ngā kamupene te whakarite i ngā hua ki ngā hiahia o te mākete, me te waihanga uara hei poipoi i te pono o te kaihoko.
3. Te Whakatau i te Utu Tino Pai
Ko te utu tētahi o ngā whakataunga tino tairongo i roto i te pakihi. Ka taea e te utu nui rawa te pana i ngā kaihoko, engari ka taea e te utu iti rawa te whakaiti i ngā hua me te kino hoki ki te tirohanga ki te kounga. Mā te ōhanga whakahaere ka whakaratohia ngā taputapu tātari pēnei i ngā ariā o te utu taha, te moni whiwhi taha, me te hanganga mākete (whakataetae tino pai, te monopoli, te oligopoly, me te whakataetae monopoli) hei āwhina i te whakatau i te utu tino whai hua.
Hei tauira, me whai whakaaro te kamupene e mahi ana i roto i te oligopoly ki ngā tauhohenga a ngā kaiwhakataetae ina huri ana ngā utu. I roto i tēnei āhuatanga, ka āwhina te ōhanga whakahaere ki te whakawhanake i ngā rautaki e whai whakaaro ana ki ngā tauhohenga pea a ngā kaiwhakataetae me ō rātou pānga ki ngā hua.
4. Te Arotau i te Whai Hua me te Whai Hua o te Utu
Ka whai ia kamupene ki te whakaputa taonga, ratonga rānei i te utu iti rawa, me te kore e whakararu i te kounga. Ka whakaratohia e te ōhanga whakahaere ngā ariā o ngā mahi whakaputa, ngā ōhanga tauine, me te tātari utu mō te wā poto me te wā roa. Mā tēnei ka taea e ngā kaiwhakahaere te whakatau i te huinga tino whai hua o ngā whakaurunga, pērā i te kaimahi, te mīhini, ngā rauemi mata, me te hangarau.
Hei tāpiri, ka āwhina te ōhanga whakahaere i ngā kamupene ki te tautuhi i ngā pūwāhi pakaru me te kaha whakaputa tino pai. Ka taea e ngā kaiwhakahaere te ārai i te para, te whakaiti i ngā utu whakahaere, me te whakapiki i te hua.
5. Tautoko i te Whakamahere me te Matapae
Kei te tūpono tonu ngā pakihi ki te koretake: ka rerekē te tono, ka piki ake ngā utu o ngā rauemi mata, ka rerekē ngā reiti whakawhiti moni, ā, ka huri ngā au o ngā kaihoko. E whakanui ana te ōhanga whakahaere i te hiranga o te matapae raraunga, mā te whakamahi i ngā tikanga pēnei i te tātari au, te whakatauira, me ētahi atu tikanga tatauranga.
Mā te matapae pai ka āwhina i ngā kamupene ki te whakamahere i ngā taonga, ki te whakatakoto i ngā whāinga hoko, ki te whakahaere i ngā kaimahi, me te whakatū tahua. Mā te matapae, ka taea e ngā kamupene te whakarite mō ngā āhuatanga rerekē me te whakaiti i te mōrearea o ngā whakataunga hē.
6. Te āwhina i ngā whakataunga haumi me te whakahaere pūtea
I te ao pakihi, ko ngā whakataunga haumitanga te mea e whakatau ana i te heke mai o tētahi kamupene. Me hoko mīhini hou rānei tētahi kamupene? Me whakawhānui rānei i tana wheketere? He pai te haumitanga mamati? Mā te ōhanga whakahaere ka āwhina i te aromatawai i te whaihua o ngā haumitanga mā te whakamahi i ngā ariā o te uara wā o te moni, te tātari utu-painga, me ngā reiti hokinga mai e whakatau tata ana.
Ka taea e ngā kaiwhakahaere te whakataurite i ētahi kaupapa haumitanga me te whiriwhiri i te mea tino whai hua me te mōrearea e tika ana. He mea nui rawa tēnei mō ngā kamupene he iti te pūtea, nō reira me tino whiriwhiri i te whakamahinga o ā rātou moni.
7. Te Whakawhanake i tētahi Rautaki Whakataetae i te Mākete
Ehara i te mea ko te utu anake te kaupapa o te whakataetae, engari ko te auahatanga, te kounga, te ratonga, te tohatoha, me te waitohu anō hoki. Mā te ōhanga whakahaere ka mārama ki te hanganga mākete me ngā whanaketanga whakataetae, ka taea ai e ngā kamupene te whiriwhiri i te rautaki tika: me aro ki ngā utu iti (te kaiārahi utu), te rerekētanga hua, te arotahi rānei ki ngā wāhanga mākete motuhake.
Hei tāpiritanga, e pā ana hoki te ōhanga whakahaere ki te ariā kēmu e āhei ai ngā kaiwhakahaere ki te tātari i ngā mahi a ngā kaiwhakataetae me te whiriwhiri i te urupare rautaki tino whai hua.
8. Te Mārama ki te Awe o ngā Take Taumahatanga
Kāore ngā kamupene e mahi noa ana. Ka taea e te pikinga utu te whakapiki ake i ngā utu whakaputa, ka pāngia ngā utu nama e ngā reiti huamoni, ka pāngia te mana hoko e te tipu ōhanga, ā, ka taea e ngā kaupapa here a te kāwanatanga te whakarerekē i ngā ture o te umanga. Ka āwhina ngā kaiwhakahaere i te ōhanga whakahaere ki te aroturuki i ngā tohu ōhanga whānui me te matapae i ō rātou pānga.
Mā te mārama ki ngā āhuatanga ōhanga whānui, ka taea e ngā kaiwhakahaere te whakarerekē i ngā rautaki, hei tauira, te whakarerekē i ngā mahere whakawhānui ina puhoi te ōhanga, te tiaki rānei i te kamupene mai i ngā piki me ngā heke o te utu whakawhiti moni.
Ngā Tauira o te Whakamahinga o te Ōhanga Whakahaere i roto i te Pakihi
Whakaarohia tētahi kamupene inu e hiahia ana ki te whakarewa i tētahi hua hou. Ko ngā whakataunga hei mahi ko: te whakatau i ngā reka e pai ana ki te kaihoko, te whakatakoto utu, te whakatau i ngā rohe tohatoha, te whiriwhiri i ngā tikanga whakatairanga, me te whakahaere i te kaha whakaputa. Ka āwhina te ōhanga whakahaere ki te rangahau tono, ngā tataunga utu whakaputa, te tātari tawhē hua, me te matapae hoko. Mā tēnei huarahi, ka taea e ngā kamupene te whakaiti i te mōrearea o te korenga o te hua me te whakanui ake i ngā tūponotanga o te angitu mākete.
Whakamutunga
Ko te hiranga o te ōhanga whakahaere kei roto i tōna kaha ki te huri i te ariā ōhanga hei taputapu whai hua mō ngā whakataunga pakihi. I roto i te taiao pakihi hihiri, me whai anga whaitake, e ahu mai ana i ngā raraunga ngā kaiwhakahaere e aro ana ki te whai hua me te hua mō te wā roa. Ka āwhina te ōhanga whakahaere ki te mārama ki te tono mākete, te whakatakoto utu tino pai, te whakapai ake i te whai huatanga o te whakaputa, te whakamahere haumitanga, te matapae i te heke mai, me te whakatere i te whakataetae me te koretake o te ōhanga.
Hei whakamutunga, ko ngā whakahaere e whakamahi pai ana i ngā mātāpono ōhanga whakahaere ka whai painga whakataetae: ka ngāwari ake te urutau, ka whai hua ake, ā, ka pai ake te rite mō te huringa. Nō reira, ehara i te mea he kaupapa whare wānanga noa iho te ōhanga whakahaere, engari he pūkenga nui e hiahiatia ana e te hunga katoa e whai wāhi ana ki te whakatau kaupapa pakihi.
