Te Mārama ki ngā Tikanga Ōhanga
Ko te tikanga ōhanga he huarahi whakaaro pūtaiao e whakamahia ana hei mārama, hei whakamārama, hei kimi otinga hoki mō ngā raruraru ōhanga e puta ake ana i roto i te hapori. I roto i te oranga o ia rā, ka tūtaki tonu te tangata ki te mooni kāore he mutunga o ngā hiahia, engari he iti noa ngā rauemi e wātea ana. Mā tēnei āhuatanga ka puta ake ngā kōwhiringa me mahi e ngā tāngata takitahi, e ngā whare, e ngā kamupene, e ngā kāwanatanga. Koinei te wāhi e whai wāhi mai ai te tikanga ōhanga: te āwhina i a tātou ki te aromatawai i ngā kōwhiringa me te whakaaro nui, te paunatia ngā utu me ngā painga, me te whakatau i ngā whakataunga tino tika i runga i ngā whāinga motuhake.
I te nuinga o te wā, ka taea te mārama ki te tikanga ōhanga hei raupapa o ngā mahi tātari me ngā mātāpono e whakamahia ana hei tirotiro i ngā whanonga ōhanga me ngā whanaungatanga i waenga i ngā taurangi ōhanga, pērā i ngā utu, te tono, te tuku, te whakaputanga, te pikinga utu, te kore mahi, me te tipu ōhanga. Ehara i te ariā anake te whānuitanga o tēnei tikanga; engari he huarahi pūnaha anō hoki, mai i te tautuhi i ngā raruraru, te kohikohi raraunga, te hanga tauira, ki te whakatau whakatau me te tuku taunakitanga kaupapa here.
Te Whakaaro Taketake o ngā Tikanga Ōhanga
Ko te tikanga ōhanga e ahu mai ana i te whakaaro ka mahi tika te tangata me ngā umanga ōhanga ina tūtaki ki te koretake. Ko te tikanga o tēnei, ina whiriwhiri te tangata ki te hoko i tētahi taonga, ka paunatia e rātou ngā painga ka puta me ngā utu e pā ana. Waihoki, ina whakatau ngā kamupene i te rahinga whakaputa, ka aromatawaihia e rātou ngā utu whakaputa, te utu hoko, me ngā hua ka puta.
I roto i te ōhanga, ka tātarihia ēnei mahi mā roto i ngā ariā pēnei i te utu whai wāhitanga, arā, te uara o te kōwhiringa pai rawa atu i patua i te wā e whiriwhiri ana i tētahi whakataunga motuhake. Ko te ariā o te utu whai wāhitanga te mea nui ki te tikanga ōhanga nā te mea ka akiaki i a tātou kia mōhio he hua tonu kei ia kōwhiringa.
Hei tāpiri atu, ko te tikanga ōhanga e aro nui ana ki te whakaaro taha. Ko te tikanga o tēnei, ka whakatauhia ngā whakataunga i runga i ngā huringa iti, āpiti rānei, pērā i te kotahi wāhanga whakaputa tāpiri, i te kotahi hāora mahi tāpiri rānei. Mā te whakamahi i te huarahi taha, ka taea te whakatau i te wā e whai hua tonu ana tētahi mahi, ā, me mutu.
Ngā Whāinga o ngā Tikanga Ōhanga
Ehara i te mea ko te mārama anake ki ngā āhuatanga o te ao e whakamahia ana ngā tikanga ōhanga, engari hei whakatutuki hoki i ngā whāinga motuhake. Ko ētahi o ngā whāinga nui o ngā tikanga ōhanga ko:
1. Whakamāramahia ngā āhuatanga ōhanga
Mā ngā tikanga ōhanga ka āwhina i a rātou ki te whakautu i ngā pātai pēnei i te pikinga o ngā utu o te tiri, te kore mahi, te pikinga utu rānei o ngā utu i roto i tētahi whenua.
2. Te matapae i ngā au o te heke mai
Mā te whakamahi i ngā raraunga me ngā tauira, ka taea e ngā tohunga ōhanga te whakatau tata i te pānga o te pikinga o ngā utu wahie ki ngā utu kawe waka me ngā utu o ētahi atu taonga.
3. Arotakehia ngā kaupapa here me ngā whakataunga
Ka taea te whakamahi i ngā tikanga ōhanga hei aromatawai mēnā he tino whai hua, he tino whai hua rānei tētahi kaupapa here, pērā i te tahua āwhina, te taake, te āwhina hapori rānei.
4. Whakaratohia ngā tūtohutanga otinga
Ka taea e ngā hua o te tātari ōhanga te whakamahi hei pūtake mā ngā kāwanatanga, ngā kamupene, ngā tāngata takitahi rānei ki te whiriwhiri i te mahi tino tika.
Ngā Hipanga i roto i te Tikanga Ōhanga
Hei huarahi pūtaiao, ka whakahaerehia ngā tikanga ōhanga mā roto i ēnei wāhanga e whai ake nei:
1. Tāutuhia te raruraru
Ko te taahiraa tuatahi ko te tautuhi i te raruraru ōhanga e hiahia ana koe ki te tātari. Hei tauira, te pikinga o ngā utu raihi, te hekenga o te mana hoko, te teitei rānei o ngā reiti rawakore.
2. Te whakatakoto i ngā whakapae
He whakapae he whakaaro tauwhāiti mō te take, te whanaungatanga rānei i waenga i ngā taurangi. Hei tauira, "nā te hekenga o te tuku nā te korenga o te hua i hua ai te pikinga o ngā utu raihi."
3. Te kohikohi raraunga
Ka taea te raraunga te whakamahi i ngā tatauranga (tau) me ngā raraunga whakaahua (whakaahua). Ka taea te tiki raraunga mai i ngā rangahau, i ngā pūrongo kāwanatanga, i ngā tatauranga mana, i ngā rangahau o mua rānei.
4. Te tukatuka me te tātari raraunga
I tēnei wāhanga, ka tātarihia ngā raraunga mā te whakamahi i ngā tikanga tatauranga, ngā whakatairite, ngā huarahi ōhanga rānei hei whakatau i ngā tauira me ngā whanaungatanga i waenga i ngā taurangi.
5. Te whakarite i ngā tauira ōhanga
He whakamāmā noa iho te tauira ōhanga i te ao tūturu hei āwhina i te mārama. Hei tauira, ko te tauira tuku me te tono, ko te tauira tipu ōhanga rānei.
6. Te whakatau whakatau me ngā taunakitanga
Kia oti te tātari, ka puta ngā whakatau hei pūtake mō ngā whakataunga, mō ngā kaupapa here rānei.
Ngā Āhuatanga o ngā Tikanga Ōhanga
He maha ngā āhuatanga o te tikanga ōhanga e wehewehe ana i a ia i ētahi atu huarahi, tae atu ki:
– He whakaaro whaitake, he arorau hoki: Ka ahu mai te tātari i te arorau me ngā whakaaro whaitake.
– Pūnaha: Te whai i ngā kaupae hanganga mai i te tīmatanga ki te mutunga.
– Ngā raraunga: Te whakamahi i ngā meka me ngā tatauranga hei whakakaha i ngā whakatau.
– Te whakamahi i ngā whakapae: Nā te mea he tino uaua te ao tūroa, he maha ngā wā ka whakamahia e ngā tohunga ōhanga ngā whakapae hei whakahaere i te tātari, hei tauira "e kiia ana ko ētahi atu āhuatanga he pumau" (ceteris paribus).
– Te aro ki te whai huatanga: E whakanui ana i te huarahi pai rawa atu hei whakamahi i ngā rauemi iti.
Ngā Tikanga Ōhanga: Moroiti me te Makro
I roto i te mahi, e rua ngā wāhanga matua o te ōhanga e taea te whakamahi: te ōhanga moroiti me te ōhanga nui.
1. Ōhanga Moroiti
Ka tātari i ngā whanonga o ngā tāngata takitahi, o ngā whare, me ngā umanga. Hei tauira, ko te hanganga utu mākete, ngā whakataunga kai, me ngā rautaki whakaputa umanga.
2. Te ōhanga whānui
Te tirotiro i te ōhanga whānui, pērā i te pikinga utu, te moni whiwhi ā-motu, te tipu ōhanga, te kaupapa here pūtea me te moni ā-pūtea, me te pumau ōhanga o te whenua.
E whakamahia ana ngā tikanga ōhanga e rua, engari he rerekē te arotahi. Ko te ōhanga iti e aro ana ki ngā waeine iti, ko te ōhanga whānui ia e titiro ana ki te tirohanga whānui o te ōhanga.
Ngā Tauira o te Whakamahinga o ngā Tikanga Ōhanga i te Ao
He maha ngā āhuatanga e kitea ai ngā tikanga ōhanga. Hei tauira, me whakatau te ākonga he iti nei tana moni pute mēnā ka hoko pukapuka anō ia, ka penapena rānei mō ētahi atu hiahia. E whakaata ana tēnei whakatau i te whakaaro ki ngā utu whai wāhitanga.
Ko tētahi atu tauira ka puta ina whakatau te kāwanatanga mēnā ka hangaia he rori utu, ka whakapai ake rānei i te kawe waka a te iwi. Me aromatawai te kāwanatanga i ngā painga pāpori, ngā utu tahua, ngā pānga ki te taiao, me ngā pānga roa ki te tipu ōhanga. Mā te whakamahi i ngā tikanga ōhanga, ka taea te whakatau i ngā whakataunga kia arotahi ake, kia whai kawenga hoki.
I te ao pakihi, ka whakamahia e ngā kamupene ngā tikanga ōhanga hei whakatau i ngā utu hoko, hei whakatau tata i te tono mākete, hei tatau i ngā tohu pakaru-taurite, me te whiriwhiri i ngā haumitanga e whakarato ana i ngā hua tino pai.
Ngā Painga me ngā Here o ngā Tikanga Ōhanga
He maha ngā painga o ngā tikanga ōhanga, pērā i te whakatairanga i ngā whakatau whakaaro nui ake, te whakarato i ngā taputapu tātari kaha, me te āhei i te aromatawai kaupapa here whāinga. Heoi anō, he iti anō hoki ōna. Ko ngā whakaaro e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā tauira i ētahi wā kāore e whakaata katoa i ngā āhuatanga o te ao tūturu. Hei tāpiri, kāore i te whakaaro nui tonu ngā whanonga tangata, he mea awehia e ngā kare ā-roto, te ahurea, me ngā āhuatanga pāpori.
Heoi, kāore ēnei herenga e whakakorekore i ngā tikanga ōhanga. Engari, e akiaki ana i ngā kaipūtaiao ōhanga kia whakapai tonu i ngā tauira, kia tāpirihia ngā taurangi, kia whakawhanakehia hoki ngā huarahi tūturu ake, pērā i te ōhanga whanonga.
Whakamutunga
Ko te whakamāramatanga o ngā tikanga ōhanga e pā ana ki ngā tikanga pūnaha, ngā mahi rānei e whakamahia ana hei tātari i ngā raruraru ōhanga me te kimi i ngā otinga pai rawa atu i roto i ngā rauemi iti. E aro ana ēnei tikanga ki te whakaaro whaitake, te whakaaro ki ngā utu me ngā painga, te whakamahi i ngā raraunga, me te whakawhanake i ngā tauira hei whakahaere i te māramatanga ki ngā āhuatanga ōhanga. Mā te whakamahi i ngā tikanga ōhanga, ka taea e ngā tāngata takitahi, ngā kamupene, me ngā kāwanatanga te whakatau i ngā whakataunga whai hua, whai whakaaro hoki, e pā pai ana ki te oranga o te hapori.
Ki te hiahia koe, ka taea hoki e au te whakarerekē i tēnei tuhinga hei putanga mahi kura (me te hanganga kupu whakataki–kaupapa–whakamutunga), tāpirihia he rārangi pukapuka, tāpirihia rānei he tauira o ngā take ōhanga i Initonīhia kia nui ake ai tōna hiranga.
