Ngā Tikanga Rangahau Ōhanga
Ko ngā tikanga rangahau ōhanga he huinga tikanga me ngā tukanga e whakamahia ana e ngā tohunga ōhanga me ngā kairangahau hei mārama, hei tātari, hei matapae i ngā āhuatanga ōhanga. He mea nui te mahi rangahau ōhanga i roto i te whanaketanga o te ariā, te kaupapa here, me te mahi ōhanga. Ka matapakihia e tēnei tuhinga ngā momo tikanga rangahau ōhanga, tae atu ki ngā huarahi kounga me ngā huarahi tauanga, tae atu ki ngā tikanga kohikohi me te tātari raraunga e whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i ngā rangahau ōhanga.
Huarahi Tauanga
Ko te huarahi tauanga ki te rangahau ōhanga ko te kohikohi me te tātari i ngā raraunga tau hei tautuhi i ngā tauira, ngā whanaungatanga, ngā au rānei. He maha ngā wā ka whakaarohia he whai take ake tēnei tikanga nā te mea ka taea te ine me te tātari i ngā hua mā te whakamahi i ngā taputapu tatauranga.
1. Ngā Whakamātautau me ngā Whakamātautau Pseudo
Ko te whakamātautau he tikanga rangahau e uru ana ki te whakahaere i tētahi, i ētahi rānei o ngā taurangi motuhake, me te tirotiro i ōna pānga ki tētahi taurangi whakawhirinaki. Ko te tikanga, ka whakahaerehia ngā whakamātautau i roto i tētahi taiwhanga, i tētahi atu wāhi rānei e tino whakahaeretia ana. Heoi, nā te mea he uaua ki te whakatinana i roto i ngā horopaki ōhanga, i te wā e kore ai e tika, e kore rānei e whai hua te wawaotanga tika, he nui ake te whakamahi i ngā whakamātautau rūpahu, i ngā whakamātautau taiao rānei. Ka whakamahia e ngā whakamātautau taiao ngā huihuinga taiao hei "whakamātautau" hei tirotiro i ōna pānga.
2. Ngā Rangahau me ngā Pātai
He tikanga noa ngā rangahau me ngā pātai mō te kohikohi raraunga tauanga i roto i ngā rangahau ōhanga. Ka taea te whakahaere i ngā rangahau kanohi ki te kanohi, mā te waea, mā te ipurangi rānei. Ka taea e rātou te kapi i ngā kaupapa maha, mai i te kore mahi me te moni whiwhi o te whare ki ngā tirohanga a te kaihoko. Ka whakamahia e ngā kairangahau ngā rangahau hei kohikohi raraunga mai i ngā tauira nui me te whakawhanui i ngā kitenga ki tētahi taupori whānui.
3. Tātaritanga Tatauranga me te Tātaritanga Ōhanga
Ko te tātari tatauranga he whakamahi i ngā taputapu tatauranga hei tātari raraunga me te tautuhi i ngā tauira, i ngā whanaungatanga rānei. Ko te Ōhangarau he peka motuhake o ngā tatauranga e aro ana ki te whakamahinga o ngā tikanga tatauranga ki ngā raraunga ōhanga. Ka whakamahia e tēnei hangarau ngā tauira pāngarau me te whakatauira rārangi hei matapae i ngā taurangi ōhanga me te whakamātautau i ngā ariā ōhanga. Mā te whakamahi i te Ōhangarau, ka taea e ngā tohunga ōhanga te whakatau tata i te tono mākete, te tātari i ngā pānga o ngā kaupapa here ōhanga, me te matapae i te tipu ōhanga.
4. Tātaritanga Whakauru-Putanga
Ko te tātari tāuru-putanga he tikanga tauanga e whakamahia ana hei tirotiro i ngā whanaungatanga i waenga i ngā rāngai ōhanga rerekē. Nā Wassily Leontief i whakawhanake, kei roto i tēnei tikanga he matihiko e whakaatu ana i te whakamahinga o te putanga o tētahi ahumahi hei tāuru mā tētahi atu ahumahi. Mā tēnei ka āwhina i te mārama ki te hanganga o te ōhanga me te pānga o ngā huringa o te whakaputanga i roto i tētahi rāngai ki ētahi atu.
Huarahi Kounga
Ko ngā huarahi kounga ki te rangahau ōhanga ko te kohikohi raraunga kore-tau hei whiwhi māramatanga hōhonu ake mō ngā āhuatanga ōhanga me ngā whanonga tangata. He huarahi whaiaro ake tēnei engari e whakarato ana i ngā māramatanga horopaki taipitopito e kore e taea te whakatutuki mā ngā tikanga tauanga anake.
1. Akoranga Take
He tikanga kohikohi raraunga kounga te ako take e whakahaerehia ai e ngā kairangahau he tātaritanga hōhonu o tētahi take kotahi, o ētahi take rānei i roto i tētahi horopaki o te ao tūturu. He tino whai hua ēnei rangahau mō te mārama ki ngā āhuatanga uaua o roto i tētahi horopaki motuhake. Hei tauira, ka taea e tētahi ako take o ngā kaupapa here ōhanga o tētahi whenua te whakaatu i ngā pānga pāpori me te ōhanga motuhake me ngā wero e pā ana ki a rātou.
2. Uiuitanga Hōhonu
Ko ngā uiui hohonu he taunekeneke tika i waenga i ngā kairangahau me ngā kaiwhakautu. Mā roto i ēnei uiui, ka kohia e ngā kairangahau ngā raraunga kounga i runga i ngā wheako, ngā tirohanga, me ngā whakaaro o ngā kaiwhakautu. He tino whai hua tēnei tikanga hei whiwhi māramatanga hohonu, whai kiko hoki mō ngā take ōhanga uaua. Ka taea te whakarite i ngā uiui hohonu, te whakarite āhua, te whakarite kore rānei.
3. Rōpū Arotahi
He tikanga arotakenga te rōpū arotahi e whiriwhiria ai tētahi rōpū iti o te tangata hei matapaki i tētahi kaupapa, i tētahi take rānei. Mā te kaiārahi matapaki e ārahi te kōrero, ā, e tuhi ngā māramatanga hou. He tino whai hua tēnei tikanga mō te tūhura i ngā tirohanga me ngā tirohanga whānui mō tētahi āhuatanga ōhanga.
4. Te Tirotiro Tika
Ko te mātakitaki tika he tikanga kohikohi raraunga e mātakitakihia ai e ngā kairangahau ngā kaupapa i roto i tō rātou taiao tūturu, me te kore e wawao. Ka taea e tēnei mātakitaki te whai wāhi, te kore whai wāhi rānei. Mā tēnei tikanga ka mārama ki ngā whanonga ōhanga i roto i tōna horopaki tūturu, pērā i te whakatau a ngā kaihoko i ngā hoko i te mākete, te taunekeneke rānei a ngā kaimahi i te wāhi mahi.
Te Whakaurunga o ngā Huarahi Tauanga me ngā Huarahi Kounga
He maha ngā wā e hiahiatia ana te whakauru i ngā huarahi tauanga me ngā huarahi kounga mō te rangahau ōhanga whānui. Mā te huarahi tikanga whakauru ka taea e ngā kairangahau te whakamahi i ngā kaha o ngā tikanga e rua me te aro atu ki ngā ngoikoretanga o ia tikanga. Hei tauira, ka whakamahia pea e ngā kairangahau ngā rangahau tauanga hei tautuhi i ngā au whānui, ā, ka whai ake ko ngā uiuinga hōhonu hei mārama ki te horopaki me ngā take kei muri i aua au.
Tikanga kohikohi raraunga
1. Raraunga Tuatahi
Ko ngā raraunga tuatahi ko ngā raraunga i kohia tika e ngā kairangahau mō ngā kaupapa rangahau motuhake. Kei roto i ēnei tikanga ko ngā rangahau, ngā uiui, ngā tirohanga, me ngā whakamātautau. Mā te kohi raraunga tuatahi ka taea e ngā kairangahau te whakahaere i te tukanga kohi raraunga me te whakarite i te hiranga me te pono o ngā mōhiohio i kohia.
2. Raraunga Tuarua
Ko ngā raraunga tuarua he raraunga kua kohia i mua e tētahi atu rōpū, ā, e wātea ana ki ngā kairangahau te whakamahi. Ko ngā puna raraunga tuarua ko ngā tuhinga a te kāwanatanga, ngā pūrongo a te kamupene, ngā hautaka mātauranga, me ngā pātengi raraunga tatauranga. Ahakoa he māmā ake te uru atu i ngā raraunga tuatahi, kāore pea ngā raraunga tuarua e tino tutuki i ngā hiahia rangahau nā te rerekētanga o ngā kaupapa e kohia ai.
Tātari raraunga
I muri i te kohikohinga raraunga, ko te taahiraa e whai ake nei ko te tātari raraunga. I roto i te rangahau tauanga, ko te tātari raraunga he whakamahi i ngā pūmanawa tatauranga pēnei i te SPSS, SAS, Stata, R rānei hei whakahaere i ngā whakamātautau tatauranga me ngā tauira ōhanga. I te wā kotahi, ko te tātari raraunga kounga teitei he waehere hei tautuhi i ngā kaupapa me ngā tauira i roto i ngā raraunga. He maha ngā wā ka whakamahia ngā pūmanawa pēnei i a NVivo, i a Atlas.ti rānei hei āwhina i te tātari raraunga kounga teitei.
Whakamutunga
He taputapu nui ngā tikanga rangahau ōhanga e whakamahia ana e ngā tohunga ōhanga me ngā kairangahau hei tūhura, hei mārama, hei matapae hoki i ngā āhuatanga ōhanga. Mā te whakamahi i ngā momo huarahi me ngā tikanga - arā, te rahinga me te kounga - ka taea e ngā kairangahau te whiwhi māramatanga whānui ki ngā raruraru ōhanga. Mā te whakauru i ēnei tikanga ka taea te whakarato i tētahi tirohanga whānui me te hōhonu, hei āwhina i te whakawhanake i ngā kaupapa here me ngā mahi ōhanga whai hua ake. Ko te mārama me te whakamahi i ngā tikanga rangahau tika te mea nui ki te whakatutuki i ngā hua rangahau tika, pono, me te whai hua.
