Ngā Hua o te Macrooekonomies
Ko te ōhanga-nui he peka o te ōhanga e ako ana i te ōhanga whānui. Kāore i rite ki te ōhanga-iti, e aro ana ki ngā whanonga o ngā tāngata takitahi, o ngā whare, me ngā umanga, ka titiro te ōhanga-nui ki te tirohanga whānui: me pēhea te tipu o te ōhanga, te take e piki ai te pikinga o te utu, ngā take e puta ai te kore mahi, me pēhea te pānga o ngā kaupapa here a te kāwanatanga me te peeke matua ki ngā āhuatanga ōhanga o te whenua. He mea nui te mārama ki te ōhanga-nui, ehara i te mea mō ngā mātauranga me ngā kaihanga kaupapa here anake, engari mō ngā tāngata pakihi me te marea whānui hoki, nā te mea he maha ngā wā ka awehia ngā whakataunga ōhanga o ia rā e ngā āhuatanga ōhanga-nui. Anei ngā painga o te ōhanga-nui e whai tikanga ai, e whai hua ai hoki i roto i ngā āhuatanga maha o te ao.
1. Kia mārama ki te ahunga me te hauora o te ōhanga o tētahi whenua
Ko tētahi o ngā painga matua o te ōhanga whānui ko tana āwhina i a tātou ki te aromatawai i te "hauora" o te ōhanga o tētahi whenua. Ko ngā tohu pēnei i te Hua ā-Rohe Katoa (GDP), te reiti pikinga, te reiti kore mahi, te toenga hokohoko, me te reiti whakawhiti moni hei paearu hei whakarato i tētahi tirohanga whānui o ngā āhuatanga ōhanga. Hei tauira, ko te tipu pumau o te GDP e tohu ana i te pikinga o ngā mahi whakaputa me te kai, ko te pikinga tino tiketike ka tohu i te pikinga o ngā utu e whakaiti ana i te mana hoko o te tangata. Mā te mārama ki ēnei tohu, ka taea e tātou te whakatau mena kei te whānui haere te ōhanga, kei te puhoi haere, kei te pāngia rānei e te hinganga ohaoha.
2. Hei pūtake mō te whakatakoto kaupapa here ōhanga a te kāwanatanga
He mahi nui tā te ōhanga whānui ki te whakatakoto kaupapa here pūtea me te tūmatanui. Ka whakamahia e te kāwanatanga te tātari ōhanga whānui hei whakatau i te nui o te whakapaunga a te kāwanatanga, ngā taake, ngā tautoko, me ngā kaupapa pāpori. Hei tauira, ina piki ake te kore mahi, ka taea e te kāwanatanga te whakanui ake i te whakapaunga hanganga, ngā kaupapa mahi nui rānei hei waihanga mahi. I tetahi atu taha, ina teitei te pikinga utu, ka taea e te kāwanatanga te whakahaere i te whakapaunga, te whakapai ake rānei i te tohatoha o ngā taonga hei aukati i te pikinga o ngā utu. Ki te kore he māramatanga ki te ōhanga whānui, ka tūpono ngā kaupapa here ki te hē, ā, ka kaha ake ngā raruraru ōhanga.
3. Te āwhina i te peeke matua ki te pupuri i te pumau moni
Ka whakamahia e ngā peeke matua, pērā i te Peeke Initonīhia, ngā ariā me ngā raraunga ōhanga whānui hei hanga kaupapa here moni. Ko ā rātou whāinga matua ko te pumau o ngā utu (te pikinga utu e whakahaeretia ana), te pumau o ngā reiti whakawhiti moni, me te pūnaha pūtea maeneene. Ko ngā taputapu pērā i ngā reiti huamoni paearu, ngā mahi mākete tuwhera, me ngā kaupapa here whakaritenga rahui ka tīpakohia i runga i te tātaritanga o ngā āhuatanga ōhanga whānui. Ina whakaarohia ka piki ake te pikinga utu, ka taea e te peeke matua te whakapiki ake i ngā reiti huamoni hei pehi i te tono me te whakaroa i ngā nekehanga utu. I tetahi atu taha, ina puhoi te ōhanga, ka taea te whakaheke i ngā reiti huamoni hei whakatenatena i te nama me te haumi.
4. Te āwhina i ngā kaiwhakahaere pakihi ki te whakawhanake i ngā rautaki me ngā whakamahere
Ehara i te mea he whai hua te ōhanga whānui mō te hanga kaupapa here anake, engari he tino whai pānga hoki ki te ao pakihi. Me mārama ngā pakihi ki te pikinga utu, ngā reiti huamoni, ngā reiti whakawhiti moni, me te tipu ōhanga kia taea ai e rātou te whakatau rautaki. Hei tauira, me aro ngā kamupene e whakawhirinaki ana ki ngā rauemi mata kawemai ki ngā reiti whakawhiti moni, nā te mea ka taea e te moni e ngoikore ana te whakapiki i ngā utu whakaputa. I taua wā, ka taea e te pikinga o ngā reiti huamoni te whakanui ake i te utu nama, me te hiahia kia whakarerekētia e ngā kamupene ngā mahere whakawhānui. Mā te māramatanga ōhanga whānui, ka taea e ngā pakihi te whakahaere i ngā mōrearea, te aromatawai i ngā whai wāhitanga mākete, me te waihanga i ngā matapae hoko pono ake.
5. Whakanuia te mātauranga pūtea a te marea
Ka whai hua anō hoki te marea whānui i ngā ōhanga whānui, inā koa i roto i ngā mātauranga pūtea. Hei tauira, mā te mārama ki te pikinga utu ka āwhina i te tangata kia mōhio ka heke te uara o te moni i roto i te wā, nō reira, kāore pea te penapena anake e ranea hei pupuri i te mana hoko. Mā te mōhio ki ngā reiti huamoni ka āwhina i a rātou ki te whiriwhiri i ngā nama, i ngā haumitanga rānei e tika ana. Ahakoa he mārama noa ki ngā huringa ōhanga ka taea e te tangata te āta tupato ki te tango nama i ngā wā o te koretake o te ōhanga. Arā, mā te ōhanga whānui ka āwhina i te tangata ki te whakatau i ngā whakataunga pūtea me te whai whakaaro nui.
6. Whakamāramahia ngā take me ngā pānga o te pikinga utu
Ko te pikinga utu tētahi o ngā kaupapa tino nui i roto i te ōhanga whānui nā te mea e pā tika ana ki ngā utu o ngā mea e hiahiatia ana o ia rā. Mā te ōhanga whānui ka whakaratohia he anga hei mārama ki ngā take o te pikinga utu, pērā i te pikinga utu e kukume ana i te tono, te pikinga utu e panaia ana e ngā tumanakohanga. Haunga te mārama ki ngā take, ka āwhina hoki te ōhanga whānui ki te tātari i ngā pānga: te hekenga o te mana hoko, te pikinga o te koretake, te pikinga o ngā reiti huamoni, ā, ko ngā rōpū moni whiwhi pumau te hunga tino whakaraerae. Mā tēnei māramatanga, ka taea e te marea me te kāwanatanga te whakarite pai ake ki te aro atu ki ngā pēhanga pikinga utu.
7. Āwhina ki te wikitoria i ngā raruraru kore mahi
He take nui te kore mahi nā te mea e pā ana ki te oranga me te pumau o te hapori. Ka ako te ōhanga whānui i te whanaungatanga i waenga i te tipu ōhanga me te waihanga mahi. Ina tipu te ōhanga, ka piki ake te tono mō ngā taonga me ngā ratonga, nō reira ka whakanui ake ngā kamupene i ā rātou kaimahi. I tetahi atu taha, ina puta he puhoi, ka whakaitihia pea e ngā kamupene te whakaputanga me te tuku kaimahi. Ka āwhina te ōhanga whānui ki te hoahoa kaupapa here hei whakaiti i te kore mahi, ahakoa mā te whakaongaonga pūtea, ngā whakatenatena haumi, te whakangungu kaimahi rānei hei whakatutuki pai ake i ngā hiahia o te mākete.
8. Kia mārama ki te tūranga o te hokohoko ā-ao me te ao whānui
I te ao whānui, he nui te awe o ngā whanaungatanga ā-ao ki te ōhanga o tētahi whenua. Mā te ōhanga whānui ka whakamārama i te pānga o ngā kaweake me ngā kawemai, te toenga utu, ngā rerenga whakapaipai, me ngā rerekētanga o te utu whakawhiti ki te ōhanga ā-rohe. Hei tauira, mā te pikinga o ngā kaweake ka taea te akiaki i te tipu ōhanga me te whakapiki ake i ngā whiwhinga moni tāwāhi, engari ko te whakawhirinaki nui ki ngā kawemai ka raru pea ina ngoikore te utu whakawhiti. Hei tāpiri, mā te ōhanga whānui ka āwhina hoki ki te mārama ki te pānga o ngā kaupapa here hokohoko, pērā i ngā taripa me ngā kuota, ki te utu o ngā taonga me te whakataetae o ngā ahumahi ā-rohe.
9. Hoko hei taputapu mō te tātari i ngā raruraru ōhanga me te pumau pūtea
Ahakoa i ahu mai ngā raruraru ōhanga i te rāngai pūtea, i te rāngai tūturu rānei, ka pā mai pea he pānga kino whānui. Mā te Macroeconomics ka taea te tātari i ngā take o ngā raruraru, pērā i te pupuhi rawa, te whānui nui o te nama, te ngoikore o te tirotiro, ngā ohorere o waho rānei. Mā te whakamahi i ngā tauira me ngā tohu motuhake, ka taea e ngā kāwanatanga me ngā umanga pūtea te kite wawe i ngā mōrearea pea. Hei tāpiri, ka matapakihia hoki e te macroeconomics ngā kaupapa here whakahaere raruraru, pērā i te whakaohooho, te whakahounga peeke, ngā mahi whakaū mākete rānei.
10. Whakatenatenahia te whanaketanga taurite me te whai rawa
Ko te whāinga o te whanaketanga ōhanga ehara i te tipu anake engari ko te ōritetanga hoki. Ka āwhina te ōhanga whānui ki te tātari i te tohatoha moni whiwhi, te rawakore, me te kore taurite i waenga i ngā rohe. Ka taea e te kāwanatanga te whakamahi i tēnei tātaritanga hei whakatakoto kaupapa here whakawhiti, ngā tautoko kua tohua, te whakawhanaketanga hanganga ā-rohe, me ngā kaupapa whakapai rauemi tangata. Ina hangaia ngā kaupapa here whānui me te whakaaro ki ngā pānga pāpori, ka taea e ngā putanga te whānui ake, me te arotahi ki te whai rawa mō te wā roa.
Whakamutunga
He nui ngā painga o te ōhanga whānui ki ngā rōpū maha nā te mea ka whakaratohia he māramatanga whānui mō te mahi a te ōhanga. Ka āwhina i ngā kāwanatanga me ngā peeke pokapū ki te whakatakoto kaupapa here, ki te tautoko i ngā rautaki pakihi, ki te whakapai ake i te mātauranga pūtea a te iwi whānui, me te tātari i te pikinga utu, te kore mahi, te hokohoko o te ao, me ngā raruraru ōhanga. Mā te ako i te ōhanga whānui, ka pai ake tā tātou whakamārama i ngā whanaketanga ōhanga, te aromatawai i ngā mōrearea, me te whakatau whakaaro nui i waenga i ngā āhuatanga o te ao e huri haere ana. Hei whakamutunga, ehara i te mea he mātauranga mātauranga noa te māramatanga ki te ōhanga whānui, engari he taputapu nui hei aro atu ki ngā wero ōhanga me te whakatairanga i te whai rawa tahi.
