Ngā Painga me ngā Huakore o te Ōhanga Pūtea
Ko te pūnaha pūtea tētahi o ngā pūnaha ōhanga tino kaha o te ao i ēnei rā. Ko te āhua o tēnei pūnaha ko te mana motuhake o ngā tikanga whakaputa, ngā mākete kore utu, me te herekoretanga takitahi ki te whai wāhi atu ki ngā mahi ōhanga. Ahakoa he maha ngā painga o te pūnaha pūtea, ā, kua ārahi i te maha o ngā whenua ki te whai rawa, he maha anō hoki ōna ngoikoretanga. Ka arotakehia e tēnei tuhinga ngā painga me ngā ngoikoretanga o te ōhanga pūtea.
Ngā Painga o te Ōhanga Pūtea
1. Te Whai Hua me te Whakaputa Hua
Ko tētahi o ngā painga matua o te ōhanga pūtea ko te tino whai hua me te whakaputa hua. I roto i tēnei pūnaha, ka whakataetae ngā kamupene mō ngā hua mā te whakapai ake i te whai hua me te kounga o ā rātou hua me ā rātou ratonga. Mā tēnei whakataetae ka akiakihia te auahatanga me ngā whanaketanga hangarau ka taea te whakapai ake i te kounga o te oranga o te tangata. Hei tauira, nā ngā whanaketanga o te hangarau mōhiohio me te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero kua māmā ake, kua tere ake hoki ngā mahi o ia rā.
2. Te Herekoretanga Ōhanga
Mā te ōhanga pūtea ka whakawhiwhia te tangata ki te mana ōhanga ki te whiriwhiri i ngā mahi, ngā hua, me ngā ratonga e hiahiatia ana e rātou. E wātea ana rātou ki te whakamahi i ō rātou pūkenga me ngā rauemi hei whakatutuki i ā rātou whāinga pūtea e hiahiatia ana. Mā tēnei mana anō hoki ka huaki ngā whai wāhitanga mō ngā kaipakihi ki te whakawhanake i ngā whakaaro hou me te waihanga i ā rātou ake pakihi, ka taea ai e ēnei te waihanga mahi me te whakaoho i te tipu ōhanga.
3. Auahatanga me te Ahunga Whakamua
Nā te whakataetae i roto i te mākete kore utu, ka akiakihia ngā kamupene ki te auaha tonu hei kukume i ngā kaihoko. Ko te tikanga me rapu tonu rātou i ngā huarahi hei whakapai ake i ā rātou hua, ratonga rānei, hei waihanga rānei i tētahi mea hou. He mea nui tēnei auahatanga mō te tipu ōhanga nā te mea ka hangaia he otinga hou mō ngā raruraru maha e pā ana ki te hapori.
4. Te Tohatoha Rauemi Tino Pai
I roto i te ōhanga pūtea, ko ngā ariā ōhanga pērā i te "ringa kore e kitea" a Adam Smith e kī ana ka tohatoha noa ngā mākete kore utu i ngā rauemi ki ngā rāngai tino whai hua me te tino whai hua. Ko ngā utu o ngā taonga me ngā ratonga ka whakatauhia e te tuku me te tono, ka hangaia he tikanga whai hua mō te tohatoha rauemi.
5. Te Whakawhanaketanga Hanganga me te Ratonga
Ka taea te whakamahi i ngā hua o ngā mahi ōhanga i roto i te pūnaha pūtea hei whakawhanake i ngā hanganga me ngā ratonga tūmatanui. Hei tauira, ka taea te whakangao anō i ngā hua o ngā umanga nunui ki te hanganga o ngā rori, ngā hōhipera, me ngā kura, ā, ka whai wāhi katoa ēnei ki te kounga o te oranga o te hapori.
Ngā Huakore o te Ōhanga Pūtea
1. Te Tauritekore o te Ōhanga
Ko tētahi o ngā whakahē e tino kitea ana mō te pūnaha ōhanga kāpiti ko te kore taurite o te ōhanga. I roto i te nuinga o ngā wā, ka kohia te taonga ki roto i ngā ringa o ētahi tāngata takitahi, o ētahi rōpū rānei, ka waiho te nuinga o te taupori kia iti ake te whai rawa. Ka taea e tēnei kore taurite te arahi ki ngā raruraru pāpori maha, tae atu ki te pikinga ake o te hara me te kore pumau o te ao tōrangapū.
2. Te Kore Haumaru o te Mahi
I roto i te pūnaha pūtea, e wātea ana ngā kamupene ki te utu me te pana i ngā kaimahi i runga i ā rātou hiahia pakihi. Ka puta he koretake o te mahi mō te tini o ngā kaimahi. Ka taea te pana i a rātou i ngā wā katoa, ka puta he ahotea pūtea me te ahotea kare ā-roto mō ngā tāngata takitahi me ō rātou whānau.
3. Te Monopoly me te Oligopoly
Ahakoa he pai te mākete kore utu hei whakarato i ngā kōwhiringa maha ki ngā kaihoko, ko te mea pono he iti noa ngā kamupene nui ka taea te whakahaere i te mākete, ka hanga i ngā monopolies, i ngā oligopolies rānei. Ka taea e tēnei mana te whakaiti i te whakataetae, te whakapiki i ngā utu, me te whakaiti i te kounga o ngā hua, o ngā ratonga rānei. Hei tāpiri, ka taea e ēnei kamupene nui te whakamahi i ō rātou mana ōhanga ki te awe i ngā kaupapa here a te kāwanatanga mō ō rātou ake painga.
4. Te raruraru ōhanga me te kore pumau
He maha ngā wā ka pāngia ngā ōhanga pūtea e ngā momo raruraru ōhanga, pērā i te hokinga whakamuri o te ōhanga me te pōuri. Ka taea e ēnei raruraru te arahi ki te hekenga nui o te putanga ōhanga, te pikinga o te kore mahi, me te hekenga o te paerewa oranga. Ko ngā tauira tino kitea o tēnei ko te Pōuri Nui o te tekau tau atu i 1930 me te Pōuri Pūtea o te tau 2008.
5. Te Kino o te Taiao
Ko te whai hua i roto i te ōhanga pūtea ka warewarehia tōna pānga kino ki te taiao. He maha ngā kamupene nunui e uru ana ki ngā mahi kino ki te taiao, pērā i te whakangaromanga o ngā ngahere, te parahanga wai me te hau, me te whakamahinga nui rawa o ngā rauemi taiao. Ka taea e tēnei kino ki te taiao, i roto i te wā roa, te whakawehi i te kounga o te oranga tangata me te pumau o ngā pūnaha rauropi.
6. Te Hokohoko Nui rawa
He maha ngā wā ka akiakihia e ngā ōhanga pūtea te hokohoko nui rawa, arā, ka akiakihia tonutia te tangata ki te hoko i ngā mea hou ahakoa kāore e tino hiahiatia ana. Ka taea e tēnei momo noho hokohoko te arahi ki ngā raruraru pūtea mō te hunga e noho tonu ana i tua atu i ō rātou rawa. Hei tāpiri, ka piki ake hoki te pēhanga ki ngā rauemi taiao iti.
Whakamutunga
He pūnaha uaua te ōhanga pūtea, he maha ngā painga me ngā ngoikoretanga. Kua whakamātauhia tēnei pūnaha hei whakatairanga i te whai huatanga, te auahatanga, me te herekoretanga ōhanga, ka taea ai te whakapai ake i te oranga hapori. Heoi, me aro atu ki ngā wero pēnei i te kore taurite ōhanga, te kore mahi, ngā mana motuhake, ngā raruraru ōhanga, te kino o te taiao, me te hokohoko nui rawa atu kia whakaitihia ai ngā pānga kino o tēnei pūnaha.
Mā te māramatanga hōhonu ki ngā painga me ngā ngoikoretanga o te ōhanga pūtea ka āwhina i a tātou ki te whakawhanake i ngā kaupapa here e whakanui ana i ōna painga me te whakaiti i ōna kino pea. Mā te huarahi taurite me te pumau, ka taea e tātou te waihanga i tētahi pūnaha ōhanga tika me te whānui ake mō te katoa.
