Ōhanga Mākete Koreutu: Ngā Āhuatanga me ngā Pānga
Ko te ōhanga mākete kore utu he pūnaha ōhanga e whakatauhia ana ngā utu o ngā taonga me ngā ratonga mā roto i ngā tikanga mākete e ahu mai ana i te tuku me te tono, me te kore he wawaotanga a te kāwanatanga. E kiia ana tēnei pūnaha ko te tūāpapa o te pūnaha tāpua hou, ā, he tūranga nui tōna i roto i te whanaketanga o te ōhanga o te ao. Ka matapakihia e tēnei tuhinga ngā ariā taketake o te ōhanga mākete kore utu, tōna hītori me tōna ariā, ōna painga me ōna ngoikoretanga, me ngā pānga me ngā wero i pā ki a ia i roto i tōna whakatinanatanga.
Ngā Ariā Taketake o te Ōhanga Mākete Koreutu
I roto i te ōhanga mākete kore utu, ko ngā whakataunga mō ngā mea hei whakaputa, me pēhea te whakaputa, me te hunga hei whakaputa kei roto katoa i ngā ringaringa o te mākete. Ka taunekeneke ngā kaiwhakaari ōhanga, pērā i ngā kaihanga me ngā kaihoko , ki a rātou anō, ā, ka taunekeneke tahi rātou. Ka whakatauhia ngā utu o ngā taonga me ngā ratonga e te tikanga o te tuku me te tono—ina piki ake te tono, ā, ka noho tonu te tuku, ka piki ake ngā utu, ā, ka pērā anō hoki.
I roto i te mākete kore utu, he iti noa te tūranga o te kāwanatanga, ko te whakatinana i te ture me te pupuri i te pumau o te hapori. Ko te tautoko i ngā mākete kore utu e ahu mai ana i te whakapono he pai ake te tohatoha rauemi me te whakaputa auaha i ngā mākete kore wawao a te kāwanatanga .
Hītori me te Ariā o te Ōhanga Mākete Koreutu
Ka taea te whai i te ariā o te ōhanga mākete kore utu ki ngā ariā ōhanga tōmua i whakatakotoria e Adam Smith i te rautau 18. I roto i tana pukapuka rongonui, "The Wealth of Nations" (1776), i whakatakoto a Smith i te ariā o "te ringa kore e kitea"—he kupu whakarite e whakaahua ana i te huarahi e taea ai e ngā tāngata takitahi te whai hua ki te whai wāhi atu ki te pai whānui.
I whakawhanakehia ētahi atu ariā e tautoko ana i te ōhanga mākete kore utu e ngā tāngata pēnei i a David Ricardo, nāna i whakatakoto te ariā o te painga whakataurite . E whakamārama ana tēnei ariā me pēhea e taea ai e ngā whenua te whai hua mai i te hokohoko ā-ao mā te tohunga ki te whakaputa taonga me ngā ratonga ka taea e rātou te whakaputa i te tino whai hua.
I whai wāhi nui anō hoki a Ludwig von Mises rāua ko Friedrich Hayek, he tohunga ōhanga rongonui nō te Kura Austrian, ki te mārama me te whakatairanga i ngā mākete kore utu. I tautohe rāua ko te pūnaha utu te huarahi pai ki te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero mō te korenga me ngā manakohanga a ngā kaihoko i roto i te hapori , ā, i te mutunga ka pai ake te tohatoha rauemi.
Ngā Painga o te Ōhanga Mākete Koreutu
1. Te Tohatoha Rauemi Whai Hua: Ko tētahi o ngā painga matua o te ōhanga mākete kore utu ko tōna whai huatanga ki te tohatoha rauemi. Nā te mea ka whakatauhia ngā utu e te taunekeneke o te tuku me te tono , ka tohaina ngā rauemi ki ā rātou whakamahinga tino nui. Ka whakaitihia te para, ka whakapiki ake hoki i te hua.
2. Te Auahatanga me te Whakatairanga Hangarau: Ka hangaia e ngā mākete kore utu he taiao whakataetae e akiaki ana i te auahatanga. Hei oranga i roto i te mākete whakataetae, me rapu tonu ngā kamupene i ngā huarahi hou hei whakapai ake i ā rātou hua me ā rātou ratonga. Ka hua ake tēnei ki te whanaketanga hangarau me te kounga o te oranga kua whakapaitia.
3. Kōwhiringa a te Kaihoko: I roto i te ōhanga mākete kore utu, he nui ake ngā kōwhiringa a ngā kaihoko mō ngā taonga me ngā ratonga e wātea ana. Mā te whakataetae i waenga i ngā kaihanga ka nui ake te momo hua, ka whakaitihia hoki ngā utu, ā, ka whai hua tika ki ngā kaihoko.
4. Te Hihiri mō te Whakaputa Hua: Nā te mea ka puritia ngā hua e ngā tāngata takitahi, e ngā kamupene rānei nāna i waihanga, he kaha te akiaki ki te mahi kaha me te auaha. He maha ngā wā ka hua ake ngā taumata whakaputa hua.
Ngā Huakore o te Ōhanga Mākete Koreutu
1. Te Tauritekore o te Ōhanga: Ko tētahi o ngā whakahē nui mō ngā mākete kore utu ko te mea he nui te tauritekore o te ōhanga e puta mai ana i ēnei mākete. Nā te mea kāore he tikanga hei whakarite i te tohatoha tika o ngā moni whiwhi, ka nui rawa te āputa i waenga i te hunga whai rawa me te hunga rawakore. Ka taea e tēnei te arahi ki te kore pumau o te hapori me te ōhanga.
2. Te Rahunga o te Mākete: Tērā ētahi āhuatanga ka kore ai e taea e ngā mākete te tohatoha rauemi me te whai hua. Ko ngā tauira noa o te rahunga o te mākete ko ngā āhuatanga o waho (pēnei i te parahanga), ngā taonga tūmatanui (kāore e whai hua mō ngā kamupene tūmataiti ki te whakarato), me ngā mōhiohio kore taurite (ina he nui ake ngā mōhiohio a tētahi rōpū i tētahi atu).
3. Ngā Mana Motuhake me te Tinihanga Kaihoko: I roto i te mākete tino kore utu, ka riro pea i ngā kamupene nui he maha o ngā kaiwhakataetae, ā, ka waihangahia he mana motuhake. Ki te kore he ture e tika ana, ka taea e ngā mana motuhake te whakamahi kino i ngā kaihoko mā te whakatakoto utu nui me te whakaiti i te kounga o te hua.
4. Huringa Hanganga: He maha ngā wā ka uru mai ngā huringa hanganga nui ki te whakawhiti ki tētahi ōhanga mākete kore utu, pērā i te whakapūmautanga tūmataiti, te whakakore ture, me te whakawāteatanga hokohoko. Ka taea e tēnei tukanga te hua ake he ngaronga mahi me te koretake o te ōhanga mō te tini o te tangata.
Ngā Pānga me ngā Wero i roto i te Whakatinanatanga
He maha ngā pānga me ngā wero o te whakatinanatanga o tētahi ōhanga mākete kore utu. Ahakoa he maha ngā whenua kua whakamahi i ngā mātāpono mākete kore utu kua tere te tipu ōhanga, he nui tonu ngā wero pēnei i te kore taurite me te korenga o te mākete. Hei tauira, he maha ngā wā ka pāngia ngā whenua whakawhanake e ngā uauatanga ki te whakatinana i ngā kaupapa here mākete kore utu nā te iti o ngā hanganga me ngā umanga tautoko.
I te ao whānui, he wero anō hoki kei roto i te ōhanga mākete kore utu, arā, ko te whakaurunga o te mākete o te ao. Ahakoa kua akiakihia e te ao whānui te hokohoko o te ao me te tipu o te ōhanga , ka taea hoki e ia te whakaputa i ngā āhuatanga pēnei i te tuku taonga, te hokonga o ngā hua o tāwāhi i ngā utu tino iti, ka whakangaro i ngā ahumahi o te rohe.
Ko ngā umanga ā-ao pērā i te World Trade Organization (WTO) me ngā umanga pūtea o te ao pērā i te World Bank me te IMF he maha ngā wā ka mahi hei kaihanga kaupapa here hei whakarite kia whaihia ngā mātāpono mākete kore utu puta noa i te ao. Heoi anō, he maha ngā wā ka whakahēngia ēnei kaupapa here, inā koa ka kitea he nui ake te painga o ā rātou wawaotanga ki ngā whenua whakawhanake i ngā whenua whakawhanake.
Te Katinga
He pūnaha te ōhanga mākete kore utu kua hanga i ngā whanaketanga o te ōhanga hou, ā, kua puta mai ngā huringa nui ki te huarahi e whakaputa ai tātou me te whakahaere. Nā ngā turanga i whakatakotoria e ngā tohunga ōhanga nui, ka tukuna e tēnei pūnaha he whai huatanga nui me te auahatanga. Heoi anō, he nui ngā wero e pā ana ki te ōhanga mākete kore utu, tae atu ki te kore taurite ōhanga me te korenga o te mākete.
Hei hapori o te ao, he mea nui kia arotakehia tonutia e tātou, kia urutauhia hoki tā tātou huarahi ki tētahi ōhanga mākete kore utu. Kei roto i tēnei ko te kimi i te taurite i waenga i te whai huatanga me te tika, me te whakawhanake i ngā kaupapa here hei whakaiti i ngā pānga kino o tētahi mākete kore ture. Mā tētahi huarahi whānui, pumau hoki ka taea ai e tātou te whakatutuki i ngā painga katoa o tētahi ōhanga mākete kore utu, me te whakaiti i ōna mōrearea.
