Ngā Whakamahinga o te Pāngarau i roto i te Ōhanga
He hononga tata ngā kaupapa pāngarau me te ōhanga, ā, e kore e taea te wehe. Ko te ōhanga, hei rangahau pāpori e tātari ana i te whakaputanga, te tohatoha, me te kai o ngā taonga me ngā ratonga, me whai taputapu tātari kaha hei whakaoti rapanga. Koinei te wāhi e whai wāhi nui ai te pāngarau. Ka whakamāramahia e tēnei tuhinga ngā whakamahinga rerekē o te pāngarau i roto i te ōhanga, ka whakaatu i te hiranga o ngā pūkenga pāngarau mō ngā tohunga ōhanga, ā, ka whakarato i ngā tauira tūturu o te whakamahinga o te pāngarau i roto i ngā momo mara o te ōhanga.
1. Pengantar
Ko te tikanga, he reo whānui te pāngarau e whakamahia ana hei whakaahua i ngā āhuatanga taiao me ngā āhuatanga pāpori i roto i te huarahi pūnaha me te arorau. I roto i te ōhanga, ka āwhina te pāngarau ki te mārama me te matapae i ngā whanonga mākete, ki te whakatau whakatau ōhanga whaitake, me te whakawhanake i ngā kaupapa here whai hua. Mā ngā tauira pāngarau ka whakaratohia he anga e āhei ai ngā kaipūtea ki te whakamārama i ngā raraunga me te hanga matapae pono.
2. Ariā Ōhanga Moroiti
Ko te ōhanga moroiti he peka o te ōhanga e ako ana i ngā whanonga a ngā tāngata takitahi me ngā umanga i roto i te whakatau kaupapa ōhanga. Ka whakamahia te pāngarau ki konei hei hanga tauira e tātari ana i te huarahi e whakanuia ai e ngā kaihoko te whai hua me te huarahi e whakanuia ai e ngā kaihanga ngā hua. Ko ngā tauira o ngā tono pāngarau i roto i te ōhanga moroiti ko te whakamahinga o ngā mahi whai hua me ngā kōpiko kore aro ki te whakaahua i ngā manakohanga a te kaihoko, me te whakamahinga o ngā mahi whakaputa me ngā mahi utu ki te whakatau i te putanga tino pai mō ngā kaihanga.
Ko tētahi tauira pāngarau e mōhiotia whānuitia ana i roto i te ariā ōhanga moroiti ko te Tauira Tuku me te Tono. Ka whakamahia e tēnei tauira he pūnaha whārite rārangi hei whakaahua i te whanonga o ngā kaihoko me ngā kaihanga i roto i te mākete, me te whāinga kia kitea he pūwāhi taurite e ōrite ana te nui o ngā taonga, ngā ratonga rānei e tukuna ana ki te nui e tonoa ana.
3. Ariā Kēmu
Ko te ariā kēmu tētahi atu peka o te pāngarau e whānui ana ngā tono ki te ōhanga. Ko te ako i ngā taunekeneke rautaki e whakawhirinaki ana te putanga o ia kaiuru ki ngā kōwhiringa a ngā kaiuru katoa. I roto i te ariā kēmu, he mea nui ngā ariā pēnei i te Nash Equilibrium, arā, kāore e taea e tētahi kaitākaro te whakanui ake i tā rātou utu mā te whakarerekē takitahi i tā rātou rautaki, i roto i te tātari ōhanga me te kaupapa here tūmatanui.
Ko tētahi tauira o te ariā kēmu ko te mākete oligopoly, he iti noa iho ngā kamupene e whakataetae ana tetahi ki tetahi. I konei, me whai whakaaro ngā kamupene ki ngā tauhohenga a ō rātou hoa whakataetae ina whakatau ana mō te utu, te putanga rānei, ā, ka taea te whakamahi i ngā tauira pāngarau hei kimi rautaki tino pai i roto i ngā horopaki rerekē.
4. Ōhangarau
Ko te Ōhangarau te whakamahinga o ngā tikanga tatauranga hei whakamātautau i ngā whakapae ōhanga me te whakatau tata i ngā whanaungatanga i waenga i ngā taurangi ōhanga. Mā te whakamahi i te whakatautautanga rārangi me ētahi atu tikanga tatauranga, ka taea e ngā tohunga ōhanga te tātari i ngā raraunga ōhanga hei kimi i ngā hononga, i ngā whanaungatanga take-me-pānga rānei. Mā te Ōhangarau ka taea e ngā tohunga ōhanga te matapae i runga i ngā raraunga o mua me te ine i te pānga o ngā kaupapa here ōhanga motuhake.
Hei tauira, ka whakamahia pea e ngā tohunga ōhanga te whakatauira hei mārama ki ngā āhuatanga e pā ana ki te pikinga utu, te kore mahi rānei. Mā te whakawhanake i ngā tauira tika, ka taea e rātou te matapae i ngā tatauranga ōhanga ā muri ake nei, me te whakarato i ngā taunakitanga kaupapa here e ahu mai ana i ngā taunakitanga.
5. Te Ariā Arotau me te Whakataunga
Ko ngā raruraru arotau he tūāpapa o te pāngarau i roto i te ōhanga. Mā te whakamahi i te tātai rerekētanga me ngā taurangi maha, ka taea e ngā tohunga ōhanga te whakatau i ngā uara e whakanui ana, e whakaiti ana rānei i ngā mahi ōhanga motuhake, pērā i te hua nui rawa, te utu iti rawa rānei. Kātahi ka whakamahia ēnei mahi hei whakahaere tātaritanga anō me te tuku taunakitanga kaupapa here.
Hei tauira, tera pea ka hiahia tetahi kamupene ki te whakanui ake i ngā hua me te whakaiti i ngā utu whakahaere. Mā te whakamahi i te tikanga a Lagrange, ka taea e ngā tohunga ōhanga te whakaoti i tēnei raruraru me te whakatau i te huinga tino pai o ngā whakaurunga me ngā putanga.
6. Ngā Whakamahinga o te Pāngarau i roto i te Pūtea
I roto i te pūtea, he mea nui anō hoki te pāngarau ki te tātari mōrearea, te aromatawai rawa, me te whakamahere haumi. Ka whakamahia ngā tauira pāngarau hei whakatau tata i te uara mākete o ngā hea, hei tatau i te uara tika o ngā kōwhiringa me ngā hua whakawhiti, me te ine me te whakahaere i te mōrearea.
Hei tauira, ko te Tauira Black-Scholes he tauira pāngarau e whakamahia whānuitia ana mō te tatau i ngā utu kōwhiringa. Ka whakamahia e tēnei tauira te tātaitanga matapōkere hei whakatau tata i ngā utu kōwhiringa i runga i ngā āhuatanga maha pēnei i te utu hea o nāianei, te piki me te heke, te wā ki te pakeketanga, me te reiti huamoni kore-mōrearea.
7. Te Tipu Ōhanga me ngā Tauira Ōhanga Whānui
He mea nui anō hoki te pāngarau i roto i te ariā tipu ōhanga me ngā tauira ōhanga whānui. Ka whakamahia ngā tauira pāngarau, pērā i te Tauira Solow, hei tātari i ngā āhuatanga e awe ana i te tipu ōhanga mō te wā roa, pērā i te kohikohinga whakapaipai, te ahunga whakamua hangarau, me te tipu o te taupori.
I roto i tēnei tauira, ka whakamahia te mahi whakaputa whānui hei hono i te putanga ōhanga ki ngā whakaurunga pēnei i te mahi me te whakapaipai. Hei tauira, e whakaatu ana te tauira Solow i te pānga o ngā panonitanga o te reiti penapena, o te ahunga whakamua hangarau rānei ki te tere o te tipu ōhanga.
8. Kaupapahere Tūmatanui me te Ōhanga Oranga
Hei whakamutunga, ka āwhina te pāngarau i te whakawhanaketanga me te aromatawai i ngā kaupapa here tūmatanui. Ka taea e ngā tauira ōhanga e whakamahi ana i te pāngarau te aromatawai i te whai huatanga o ngā kaupapa here maha, me te whakatau i te huarahi pai hei whakatutuki i ngā whāinga oranga hapori.
Hei tauira, ka whakamahia e te ariā ōhanga oranga te tātaitanga hei whakatau mēnā he Pareto-effective te tohatoha rauemi, arā, kāore e taea te whakapai ake i te oranga o tētahi atu tangata me te kore e whakararu i te oranga o tētahi atu. Ko te tātari utu-painga, e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā kaupapa here tūmatanui, e uru ana hoki ki te whakamahi i te pāngarau hei tatau i ngā painga me ngā utu o tētahi kaupapa, kaupapa here rānei.
Whakamutunga
He mea nui te pāngarau i roto i te ōhanga, mai i te tātaritanga taketake o te ariā tuku me te tono ki ngā tauira ōhanga matatau e whakamahia ana hei matapae i ngā au ohanga ā muri ake nei. Mā te whakamahi i ngā taputapu pāngarau, ka taea e ngā kaipūtea te whakarato i ngā māramatanga hohonu ake, tika ake, me ngā otinga whai hua ake ki ngā raruraru ōhanga maha.
Nō reira, ehara i te mea he painga anake te mōhio ki ngā taputapu me ngā ariā pāngarau, engari he mea nui anō hoki mō ngā tohunga ōhanga katoa. Ka whakapakari i te māramatanga ki ngā āhuatanga ōhanga, ka whakapai ake i te kounga o te whakatau kaupapa, ā, ka āwhina i te whakawhanake i ngā kaupapa here whaitake me te whai taunakitanga. Ki te kore he pāngarau, he maha ngā āhuatanga nui o te tātari ōhanga o ēnei rā e kore e taea.
