Te Tūranga o te Kāwanatanga i roto i te Ōhanga
He take uaua, he maha ngā āhuatanga o te tūranga o te kāwanatanga i roto i te ōhanga, e kapi ana i ngā āhuatanga maha, mai i ngā mahi ture ki te wawao tika. He tūranga nui tā ngā kāwanatanga ki te hanga i ngā whenua ōhanga, ki te ārahi i ngā kaupapa here ā-motu, me te awe i te tohatoha o ngā rauemi. Ka ruku hohonu tēnei tuhinga ki ngā tūranga maha e whakahaerehia ana e ngā kāwanatanga i roto i te ōhanga, me te tūhura i ā rātou whāinga, ā rātou taputapu, me ā rātou pānga.
Horopaki Huarahi
Hei mārama ki te tūranga o te kāwanatanga i roto i te ōhanga o nāianei, he mea nui kia titiro whakamuri ki ngā whanaketanga o mua. Ko ngā tuhinga a ngā tohunga ōhanga tawhito pērā i a Adam Smith i tautoko i te ōhanga laissez-faire, he iti noa te wawaotanga a te kāwanatanga. Ko te ariā "ringa kore e kitea" a Smith i kī ko ngā mākete kore utu te hunga tohatoha rauemi pai rawa atu. Heoi, i roto i te wā, ka kitea ngā hapa o tēnei pūnaha pai rawa atu, inā koa i ngā wā o te hekenga me ngā raruraru ōhanga.
Ko te Paheketanga Nui o te tekau tau atu i 1930 he wā hurihanga i arahi ai ki te arotake anō i te wawaotanga a te kāwanatanga. I whakaaro a John Maynard Keynes he mea nui te whakapaunga a te kāwanatanga hei whakaiti i ngā pānga kino o ngā paheketanga ōhanga. I piki haere te rongonui o tēnei huarahi Keynesian, ā, i piki ake ai te whai wāhi a te kāwanatanga ki te ōhanga, inā koa i roto i ngā whenua manapori o te Hauāuru.
Ngā Whāinga o te Wawaotanga a te Kāwanatanga
Ka wawao ngā kāwanatanga ki te ōhanga hei whakatutuki i ētahi whāinga, tae atu ki:
1. Te Pūmautanga Ōhanga: Ka whai ngā kāwanatanga ki te pupuri i tētahi taiao ōhanga pumau, te whakahaere i te pikinga utu, te whakaiti i te kore mahi, me te whakatairanga i te tipu. He mahi nui tā ngā peeke matua, pērā i te Federal Reserve i te Hononga o Amerika, ki te whakarerekē i ngā kaupapa here moni kia tutuki ai ēnei whāinga.
2. Te Tohatoha Anō i te Taonga: Ka whakatinanahia e ngā kāwanatanga ngā kaupapa here e aro ana ki te whakaiti i te kore taurite o te whiwhinga moni me te whakarato i te oranga hapori. Ko te taake ahu whakamua, ngā pūnaha haumaru hapori, me te hauora tūmatanui he tauira o ngā tikanga i hangaia hei tohatoha anō i te taonga.
3. Te Whakarato Taonga Tūmatanui: Ko ngā kāwanatanga te kawenga mō te whakarato taonga me ngā ratonga kāore pea e tukuna paitia e ngā mākete kore utu, pērā i ngā hanganga whenua, te mātauranga, me te parepare ā-motu. He taonga kore e taea te aukati i ēnei, ā, kāore hoki e taea te whakataetae, arā, ko te whakamahinga a tētahi tangata kāore e whakaiti i te wātea o ētahi atu, ā, kāore e taea te aukati i ngā tāngata takitahi i te whakamahi i aua taonga.
4. Te Tirotiro Ture: Ka whakatūhia e ngā kāwanatanga ngā ture hei tiaki i ngā kaihoko, ngā kaimahi, me te taiao. Mā ēnei ture ka whakarite i ngā mahi tika, i ngā paerewa haumaru, ā, ka whakawhāiti i ngā āhuatanga kino pēnei i te parahanga.
5. Te Whakatikatika i ngā Rahunga Mākete: Ina kore ngā mākete e tohatoha rauemi pai, ka uru mai ngā kāwanatanga ki te whakatika i ēnei rahunga. Kei roto i tēnei ko te aro atu ki ngā mana whakahaere takitahi, te whakarato i ngā taonga tūmatanui, me te whakahaere i ngā āhuatanga o waho.
Ngā Utauta o te Wawaotanga a te Kāwanatanga
He maha ngā taputapu a ngā kāwanatanga hei āwhina i te ōhanga, tae atu ki:
1. Kaupapahere Pūtea: Kei roto i tēnei ko te whakapaunga me te taake a te kāwanatanga. Mā te whakarerekē i ēnei āhuatanga, ka taea e ngā kāwanatanga te awe i te tono whānui. I ngā wā o te hekenga o te tau, ka taea e te pikinga o te whakapaunga a te iwi me te whakaiti i ngā taake te whakaoho i ngā mahi ōhanga. I tetahi atu taha, i ngā wā o te pikinga utu nui, ka taea e te whakaiti i te whakapaunga me te whakapiki i ngā taake te whakamatao i te ōhanga.
2. Kaupapahere Pūtea: Ka whakahaerehia e ngā peeke pokapū ngā reiti huamoni me te whakahaere i te tuku moni hei awe i ngā mahi ōhanga. Ka akiakihia te nama me te haumi e ngā reiti huamoni iti, engari ka taea e ngā reiti teitei ake te āwhina ki te pupuri i te pikinga utu.
3. Te Whakahaere me te Whakatakotoranga Ture: Ka whakatinanahia e ngā kāwanatanga ngā ture e whakatakoto ana i ngā paerewa mō ngā mahi pakihi, ngā tikanga mahi, te tiaki taiao, me ngā tika a ngā kaihoko. Ko ngā tari whakahaere, pērā i te Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) i te Hononga o Amerika, e whakamana ana i ēnei ture.
4. Ngā Āwhina me ngā Taripa: Ko ngā āwhina he āwhina pūtea e whakaratohia ana hei tautoko i ētahi ahumahi, mahi rānei. Ko ngā taripa he taake mō ngā taonga kawemai i hangaia hei tiaki i ngā ahumahi o roto mai i te whakataetae ki tāwāhi.
5. Te Mana o te Iwi: I ētahi wā, ka riro pea i ngā kāwanatanga te mana me te whakahaere i ngā ahumahi matua, inā koa i roto i ngā rāngai e kiia ana he mea nui mō ngā painga o te motu, pērā i te pūngao, te kawe waka, me te hauora.
Studies Case
Te Whakaaetanga Hou: Te Hononga o Amerika
Ko te New Deal, i whakaurua e te Perehitini Franklin D. Roosevelt hei whakautu i te Paheketanga Nui o te Ao, he tauira mō te wawaotanga nui a te kāwanatanga. I roto i te anga kaupapa here ngā kaupapa mahi tūmatanui whānui, ngā whakarerekētanga pūtea, me ngā kaupapa haumaru hapori. He mea nui ēnei mahi ki te whakaū i te ōhanga me te whakahoki mai i te whakapono o te marea.
Ōhanga Mākete Hapori: Tiamana
Ka whakakotahi te ōhanga mākete pāpori o Tiamana i te pūnaha pūtea mākete kore utu me ngā kaupapa here pāpori e aro ana ki ngā kore taurite. He mahi kaha tā te kāwanatanga ki te whakahaere i te ōhanga, te whakarite i te oranga pāpori, me te pupuri i ngā ture mahi pakari. Nā tēnei tauira kua hua ake he ōhanga whakataetae nui me te kupenga haumaru pāpori kaha.
Te Pūtea Matua o te Kāwanatanga: Haina
Ko Haina te tauira ahurei o te pūnaha pūtea a te kāwanatanga, e whai wāhi nui ana te kāwanatanga ki te ōhanga mā roto i ngā hinonga a te kāwanatanga me te mana whakahaere nui. Ko te tere o te tipu ōhanga kua pā ki a Haina i ngā tekau tau kua pahure ake nei e whakaatu ana i ngā painga pea o taua pūnaha, ahakoa he wero anō hoki e pā ana ki te pirau, te whakahekenga taiao, me ngā āwangawanga mō ngā tika tangata.
Nga wero me nga whakahee
Ahakoa he nui ngā painga ka puta mai i te wawaotanga a te kāwanatanga, tera anō hoki ngā wero me ngā whakahē e pā ana ki tēnei:
1. Koretake: E kī ana ngā kaiwhakahē ka taea e te wawaotanga a te kāwanatanga te arahi ki te koretake o te mahi nā te mahi tari me te kore whakataetae. Tērā pea he iti ake te whai hua o ngā kaupapa a te rāngai tūmatanui ki te whakaritea ki ngā kaupapa a te rāngai tūmataiti.
2. Te Noho Pūmau me te Pirau: I ētahi wā, ka arahi pea te whai wāhi a te Kāwanatanga ki te noho pūmau me te pirau, me te tohatoha rauemi i runga i ngā hononga tōrangapū kaua ki te whai huatanga ohaoha.
3. Ngā Whakapōturitanga o te Mākete: Ka taea e ngā wawaotanga pēnei i ngā tautoko me ngā taripa te whakapōturi i ngā mākete, ka arahi ki te tohatoha hē o ngā rauemi me te whakaheke i te oranga ōhanga.
4. Nama me te Tapeke Moni: Mā te nui rawa o te whakapaunga a te kāwanatanga ka nui ake te nama tūmatanui me te tapeke moni tahua, ka puta he mōrearea ōhanga mō te wā roa.
Opaniraa
He tauira hurihuri tonu te tūranga o te kāwanatanga i roto i te ōhanga. Ahakoa he rerekē te whānuitanga me te āhua o te wawaotanga puta noa i ngā whenua me te roanga o te wā, he rite tonu ngā whāinga matua: te whakarite i te pumau ōhanga, te whakatairanga i te ōritetanga, te whakarato i ngā taonga tūmatanui, te whakahaere i ngā mākete, me te whakatika i ngā rahunga mākete. Ko te huarahi taurite, te whakamahi i ngā tikanga mākete me te wawaotanga a te kāwanatanga ture, te rautaki tino whai hua mō te whakatairanga i te tipu ōhanga pumau me te oranga hapori. I te mea e anga atu ana te ōhanga o te ao ki ngā wero hou, mai i ngā whakararuraru hangarau ki te huringa āhuarangi, kāore e kore ka haere tonu te tūranga o te kāwanatanga ki te urutau me te tautuhi anō i a ia anō hei whakautu ki ēnei whenua hihiri.
