Ngā Āhuatanga Honohono o te Ōhanga me te Tōrangapū
I tēnei ao e hono haere ana, kua kitea nuitia, kua hira ake hoki te hononga tahi i waenga i te ōhanga me te tōrangapū. He hononga uaua ēnei mara e rua, e awe ana, e hanga ana hoki i tētahi i tētahi i roto i ngā huarahi hohonu. He mea nui te mārama ki tēnei hononga uaua hei hopu i ngā tikanga o te kāwanatanga o nāianei, te hokohoko o te ao, me te oranga o te hapori. Ahakoa e aro nui ana te ōhanga ki te whakaputa, te tohatoha, me te kai i ngā taonga me ngā ratonga, e aro ana te tōrangapū ki ngā hanganga kāwanatanga, ngā hihiri mana, me ngā tukanga whakatakoto kaupapa here e hanga ana i te hapori. I konei, ka rukuhia e tātou te hononga me te awe o ēnei mara e rua tetahi ki tetahi.
Horopaki Huarahi
I roto i ngā kōrero o mua, ko te hononga i waenganui i te ōhanga me te tōrangapū ka taea te whai i ngā iwi onamata i reira ngā rangatira i whakahau i ngā mahi ōhanga pēnei i te hokohoko, te taake, me te mana whenua. I te wā o waenganui, ko te putanga mai o te mercantilism i tohu i tētahi panonitanga nui i te tīmatanga o te mōhio o ngā kāwanatanga ki te hiranga o te whakahaere i ngā rauemi ōhanga hei whakarei ake i te mana o te motu. I whakaatu anō te wā koroni i te āhua o ngā kaupapa ōhanga i tautoko i ngā kaupapa tōrangapū, i te mea i rapu ngā mana Pākehā i ngā rohe hou hei painga ōhanga mā rātou.
Nā te Huringa Ahumahi i kawe mai tētahi atu taha ki tēnei whanaungatanga. Nā te tere o te ahumahi me te whānui haere o te ōhanga i hua ake ai ngā tikanga pāpori hou me ngā hanganga tōrangapū rerekē. I piki haere te mana o te pūnaha pūtea, ā, i ara ake ai ngā manapori rīperare i oati i ngā herekoretanga tōrangapū me ngā whai wāhitanga ōhanga. I tētahi atu taha, i kite te rautau 20 i te putanga mai o te hapori me te kōmiuniti, arā, ngā ariā i whai ki te whakatika i ngā kore taurite ōhanga mā te whakahaere tōrangapū pokapū.
Kaupapa here me te Ture
I ēnei rā, he nui te awe o ngā kāwanatanga ki ngā mahi ōhanga mā roto i ngā kaupapa here me ngā ture. Ko te kaupapa here pūtea, e uru ana ki te whakapaunga me te taake a te kāwanatanga, he taputapu matua e whakamahia ana hei whakahaere i te mahi ōhanga. Hei tauira, i ngā wā e heke ana te ōhanga, ka taea e ngā kāwanatanga te whakanui ake i te whakapaunga, te tapahi rānei i ngā taake hei whakaoho i te tipu. Ko te kaupapa here pūtea, e whakahaerehia ana e ngā peeke pokapū, ka whakahaere i te tuku moni me ngā reiti huamoni hei whakahaere i te pikinga utu me te whakau i te moni.
I tētahi atu taha, ka taea e ngā āhuatanga ōhanga te hanga i ngā kaupapa tōrangapū me ngā kaupapa matua. Ko te nui o te kore mahi, te pikinga utu, ngā raruraru ōhanga rānei ka arahi ki ngā panonitanga o te mana tōrangapū me te ahunga kaupapa here. Ko te Paheketanga Nui o te tekau tau atu i 1930 he tauira nui, i reira i arahi ai te hinganga o te ōhanga ki ngā huringa tōrangapū nui, tae atu ki te aranga ake o ngā whenua oranga me ngā whakahoutanga ture.
Te Ao Whānui me te Tauhokohoko
Nā te ao whānui kua uaua ake te hononga i waenga i te ōhanga me te tōrangapū. I te mea ka nui haere te whakawhirinakitanga ōhanga o ngā iwi, ka pāngia pea ngā kaupapa here ā-rohe e te ao. Ko ngā whakaaetanga hokohoko me ngā poraka ōhanga pēnei i te Kotahitanga o Ūropi, te NAFTA rānei (ināianei ko te USMCA) he hanganga tōrangapū e āwhina ana i te mahi tahi me te whakaurunga ōhanga. E whakaata ana ēnei hinonga i te hiahia ki te whakataurite i ngā ture tōrangapū kia taea ai te rere noa o ngā taonga, ngā ratonga, me te whakapaipai.
Heoi anō, he wero anō hoki kei te ao whānui. Ka taea e ngā kaupapa here ōhanga o tētahi whenua te whakaoho i ngā tauhohenga tōrangapū ki tētahi atu, ka arahi ki ngā pakanga hokohoko, ki ngā taumahatanga tōrangapū rānei. Ko te raruraru pūtea o te ao i te tau 2008 tētahi tauira, i reira i arahi ai te whakahaere hē o te ōhanga i tētahi rāngai (te mākete whare o Amerika) ki ngā tauhohenga tōrangapū puta noa i te ao, tae atu ki ngā mahi penapena, ngā ture pūtea, me ngā panonitanga o te kaiārahi.
Te Tauritekore me te Rawakore
Ko te kore taurite ōhanga me te rawakore tonu ngā take nui e whakaata ana i te taha tōrangapū o te ōhanga. Kei te tohe tonu ngā kāwanatanga ki te tohatoha tika i ngā rauemi me ngā whai wāhitanga ki waenga i ō rātou taupori. He wāhi nui tā ngā ariā tōrangapū ki tēnei: ahakoa ko ngā pūnaha pūtea te kaupapa matua o te waihanga taonga, ko ngā kaupapa here pāpori te arotahi ki te tohatoha taonga. He pānga ōhanga me te tōrangapū ō ngā huarahi e rua, e pā ana ki te kotahitanga pāpori, te pumau tōrangapū, me te hauora ōhanga whānui.
Mā te hiahia tōrangapū ki te whakatika i te kore taurite ka arahi pea ki ngā whakarerekētanga ōhanga nui. Hei tauira, ko te taake ahu whakamua, ngā kaupapa oranga hapori, me ngā ture utu iti rawa he whakataunga tōrangapū e aro ana ki te kore taurite ōhanga. I tetahi atu taha, ko te kore e whakatika i ngā rerekētanga ōhanga ka arahi pea ki te ngangau tōrangapū, ngā whakahē, tae noa ki ngā hurihanga, e ai ki te hītori mai i te Huringa Wīwī ki te Koanga Arapi.
Ngā Ariā Ōhanga Tōrangapū
Ko te mara o te ōhanga tōrangapū e ako ana i te whanaungatanga i waenga i te ōhanga me te tōrangapū, e tūhura ana i te awe o ngā umanga tōrangapū, te taiao tōrangapū, me te pūnaha ōhanga tetahi ki tetahi. Ko te ōhanga tōrangapū tawhito, i tohuhia e ngā tohunga pērā i a Adam Smith rāua ko David Ricardo, i arotahi ki te māramatanga o ngā ture ōhanga i roto i te horopaki o ngā hanganga tōrangapū. Ko te ōhanga tōrangapū Marxist, i tetahi atu taha, e arotake ana i te āhua o te waihanga me te pupuri i ngā kore taurite pāpori e ngā ōhanga pūtea mā te mana tōrangapū.
I roto i ngā tātaritanga o nāianei, ka tirohia e ngā ariā pēnei i te Institutionalism te āhua o te hanganga o ngā taunekeneke a ngā umanga (tōrangapū me te ōhanga) i waenga i ngā kaiwhakaari me te hanga i ngā putanga. Ka whakamahia e te Public Choice Theory ngā mātāpono ōhanga hei mārama ki ngā whanonga tōrangapū, me te whakaaro ki ngā kaitōrangapū me ngā pōti hei kaiwhakaari whakaaro nui e whakatau ana i runga i te hiahia whaiaro.
Ngā Whakaaroaro mō te Taiao me te Whakawhanaketanga
E kitea ana hoki te whanaungatanga i waenga i te ōhanga me te tōrangapū i roto i ngā kaupapa here taiao me te whanaketanga. He maha ngā wā ka akiakihia ngā kaupapa whanaketanga ōhanga e ngā whāinga tōrangapū pēnei i te whakaiti i te rawakore, te waihanga mahi, me te whakarei ake i te mana o te motu. Heoi, me whakataurite ēnei kaupapa i te tipu ōhanga me te pumau o te taiao. Hei tauira, ko ngā tautohetohe tōrangapū mō te huringa āhuarangi he mea hono hohonu ki ngā painga ōhanga, nā te mea ka pāngia ngā ahumahi, te mahi, me ngā ōhanga o te motu e ngā kaupapa here hei whakaiti i ngā tukunga waro.
Kāore e taea te wehe i te ōhanga whanaketanga, e tirotiro ana i te whanaketanga ōhanga o ngā whenua, mai i te ao tōrangapū. He mea nui te pumau tōrangapū, te kounga o te kāwanatanga, me te kaha o ngā umanga mō te whanaketanga ōhanga. Ko ngā whenua he taiao tōrangapū pumau me te kāwanatanga pai ka kukume mai i te haumi nui ake, ka wheako i te tipu pumau, ā, ka tutuki i ngā putanga whanaketanga pai ake.
Opaniraa
He uaua, he maha ngā āhuatanga, he hihiri hoki te whanaungatanga i waenga i te ōhanga me te tōrangapū. Ka hangaia ngā kaupapa here e whakahaere ana i ngā iwi, ka awe i ngā taunekeneke o te ao, ā, ka pā ki te oranga o ia rā o te tangata. Hei mārama ki tēnei taunekeneke, me mārama koe ki te awe o ngā āhuatanga ōhanga ki ngā mahi tōrangapū me te pānga o ngā whakataunga tōrangapū ki te whakatutukitanga ōhanga.
I tēnei wā o te huringa tere, e tohuhia ana e ngā whanaketanga hangarau, ngā whanaungatanga o te ao, me ngā wero nui o te hapori, ka whai wāhi nui tonu ngā hononga o te ōhanga me te tōrangapū ki te hanga i tō tātou ao. Me whakatere e ngā kaihanga kaupapa here me ngā tohunga mātauranga tēnei whanaungatanga uaua ki te whakatipu i ngā hapori e whai hua ana i te taha ōhanga me te taha tōrangapū.
