Te Ariā Ōhanga Neoclassical: Ngā Pūtake, te Whanaketanga, me te Pānga
I roto i te ao o te whakaaro ōhanga, he tūranga nui te Ariā Ōhanga Neoclassical, e ārahi ana i te nuinga o ngā rangahau mātauranga o nāianei, te whakatakoto kaupapa here, me te kōrero. Ko tēnei kura whakaaro, i ahu mai i te mutunga o te rautau 19, i whai kia whakamāramahia te mahi a ngā tāngata takitahi me ngā umanga i roto i ngā mākete, hei piriti i waenga i te ōhanga tawhito me te māramatanga hou mō ngā whanonga me ngā putanga ōhanga rerekē.
Ngā Kaupapa o te Ōhanga Neoclassical
Ko ngā pūtake o te ōhanga neoclassical i ahu mai i ngā mahi a ngā paionia pērā i a William Stanley Jevons, Carl Menger, me Léon Walras. I nekehia ngātahitia e ēnei tohunga ōhanga te arotahi o te tātari ōhanga mai i te uara i roto i te whakaputanga ki te uara i roto i te utu. Ko te kaupapa matua o tā rātou ariā ko te ariā o te whai hua taha, e kī ana ko te uara o tētahi taonga, ratonga rānei ka whakatauhia e tōna whai hua taha – ko te makona tāpiri, te painga rānei i puta mai i te kai i tētahi atu waeine. Ko te mātāpono o te whakaiti i te whai hua taha, e kī ana ka heke te makona tāpiri i te pikinga o te kai, i noho hei poutokomanawa mō te ariā kaihoko.
Ko te mea nui ki te whakaaro neoclassical ko te whāinga kia tutuki te taurite mākete, te wāhi e tūtaki ai te tono me te tuku hei whakatau i te utu me te nui o ngā taonga me ngā ratonga. Nā Alfred Marshall, tētahi atu tino tangata, i whakauru te ariā o te ngāwari o te utu o te tono me te tuku, me te whakapai ake i te tātaritanga o te taurite mākete.
Ngā Whakaaro Matua
E whakawhirinaki ana te ariā ōhanga neoclassical ki ētahi whakapae matua:
1. Whanoke Whakaaroaro: He kaiwhakaari whakaaroaro ngā tāngata takitahi, e whakatau ana i ngā whakataunga e aro ana ki te whakanui i te whai huatanga (te makona) mō ngā kaihoko me te hua mō ngā umanga.
2. Ngā Mōhiohio Tino Pai: Kei ngā kaiuru katoa o te mākete ngā mōhiohio tino pai mō ngā utu me ētahi atu āhuatanga e tika ana.
3. Tātaritanga Tawhā: Ka mahia ngā whakataunga ōhanga i runga i te tawhē, me te whai whakaaro ki ngā painga me ngā utu tāpiri o te nui ake, te iti iho rānei.
4. Ngā Manakohanga me te Whaipainga: Ka hoatu ngā manakohanga, ā, he ōrite, e āhei ai te whakaputa i ngā mahi whaipainga.
5. Kōwhiringa ā-Wā: Ka whakatau ngā tāngata takitahi i runga i ngā āhuatanga o nāianei anake, engari ka whai whakaaro anō hoki ki ngā painga me ngā utu ā meake nei.
Te Tauira o te Kamupene
I roto i te anga neoclassical, e tirohia ana ngā umanga hei kaiwhakatau e whai ana ki te whakanui ake i ngā hua. Kei roto i tēnei ko te whakatau i te taumata tino pai o te putanga ina rite te utu taha ki te moni whiwhi taha. Ko te mahi whakaputa a te umanga, e whakaatu ana i te whanaungatanga i waenga i ngā whakaurunga me ngā putanga, e whakaaro ana ka heke te hokinga mai ki te tauine i roto i te wā poto. Mā ngā whakatikatika mō te wā roa ka taea te whakarerekē i ngā whakaurunga katoa e whakamahia ana, ka hua ake ngā ariā pēnei i te ōhanga o te tauine me ngā hokinga mai ki te tauine.
Hanganga Maakete
E tautuhia ana e te ariā neoclassical ngā hanganga mākete rerekē: te whakataetae tino tika, te monopoli, te whakataetae monopoli, me te oligopoly:
– Te Whakataetae Tino Pai: He maha ngā kamupene e hoko ana i ngā hua ōrite, kāore he kamupene kotahi e awe ana i te utu mākete. E kiia ana kei te tino pai te whai huatanga o te ōhanga i konei, me te tohatoha rauemi i te huarahi pai rawa atu.
– Monopoly: Kotahi te kamupene e whakahaere ana i te mākete, ā, ka piki ake ngā utu me te heke o te toenga o ngā kaihoko.
Whakataetae Manakotahi: He maha ngā kamupene e hoko ana i ngā hua rerekē, e tuku ana i tētahi taumata mana utu.
– Oligopoly: He iti noa ngā kamupene e whakahaere ana i te mākete, ka hua ake te whakawhirinakitanga rautaki me te kaha o te mahi tahi.
Ngā Arotakenga me te Whanaketanga
Ahakoa tōna awe whānui, kua pāngia te ōhanga neoclassical e ngā whakahē nui i roto i ngā tau:
– Te Whakamāmātanga Rawa: E kī ana ngā kairīti he whakamāmātanga rawa ngā tauira neoclassical i ngā whanonga tangata mā te whakaaro he tika, he tino tika hoki ngā mōhiohio.
– Ngā Rahunga o te Mākete: Ko ngā pekapeka o te ao tūturu, pērā i ngā āhuatanga o waho, ngā taonga tūmatanui, me ngā mōhiohio kore taurite, e wero ana i te whakaaro ko ngā mākete tonu te hua pai rawa atu.
– Ōhanga Whanoke: Ko te aranga ake o te ōhanga whanonga, e aro nui ana ki ngā māramatanga hinengaro ki ngā whakataunga ōhanga, kua whakaatu i ngā peka ke mai i ngā whanonga whaitake.
Hei whakautu i ēnei whakahē, kua urutau, kua whanake hoki ngā ōhanga neoclassical. Kei roto i ngā tauira o nāianei ngā āhuatanga pēnei i te whakaaro whaitake me ngā mōhiohio kāore i tino tika. I tua atu, i puta te ariā kēmu hei taputapu tātari kaha mō te tirotiro i ngā taunekeneke rautaki, inā koa i roto i ngā mākete oligopolitical.
Pānga ki ngā Kaupapa Here me ngā Taupānga o te Ao Tūturu
He nui te awe o te ōhanga neoclassical ki ngā kaupapa here tūmatanui me ngā mahi ōhanga. Ko ōna mātāpono te pou here mō ngā whakataunga kaupapa here maha, tae atu ki:
– Kaupapahere Pūtea: Ka whakamahia e ngā peeke pokapū ngā mātāpono neoclassical hei ārahi i ngā wawaotanga ki ngā reiti huamoni me te tuku moni, me te whai kia pumau me te tipu ōhanga.
– Kaupapahere Tauhokohoko: E tautoko ana te ariā i te hokohoko kore utu, e whakaatu ana i ngā painga mai i te painga whakataurite me te whakawāteatanga mākete.
– Te Ture me te Whakahē i te Mana Whakahaere: Ko ngā kaupapa here i hangaia hei aukati i ngā mana whakahaere takitahi me te tautoko i te whakataetae e ahu mai ana i ngā māramatanga neoclassical mō ngā hanganga mākete me te oranga o ngā kaihoko.
Te Hiranga Tuturu
Ahakoa kei te puta tonu mai ngā ariā me ngā tauira ōhanga hou, kei te mau tonu te ōhanga neoclassical i roto i ngā whakaaro ōhanga hou. Ko tōna pakari tātari me tōna hononga arorau e whakarato ana i te turanga hei hanga i ngā ariā hou. Ahakoa mā roto i ngā marautanga paetahi o te ao, mā roto rānei i ngā whakaaro e akiaki ana i ngā tauira ōhanga matatau, kei te hanga tonu te ōhanga neoclassical i te huarahi e mārama ai, e whakamārama ai hoki ngā tohunga ōhanga i te ao.
Opaniraa
He anga pakari te Ariā Ōhanga Neoclassical mō te tirotiro i ngā mahi mākete, ngā whanonga kaihoko, me ngā rautaki umanga. Ahakoa ngā arotake me ngā tauira e whanake ana, he mea nui tonu ōna mātāpono matua ki te tātari ōhanga me te hanga kaupapa here. Mā te manawanui me te urutau o te ariā ka mau tonu tōna hiranga, ka whakarato i ngā māramatanga whai hua ki te mahi a ngā ōhanga me te pēhea e taea ai e tātou te whakatere i ngā whenua ōhanga uaua i ngā tau e haere ake nei.
