Te Tikanga o ngā Ōhanga Tauine
Ko ngā ōhanga tauine e pā ana ki ngā painga utu e whiwhihia ana e ngā umanga nā te tauine o ā rātou mahi, me te utu mō ia waeine o te putanga e heke haere ana i te pikinga o te tauine i te mea ka horahia ngā utu pumau ki runga i ngā waeine putanga maha atu. Ko te tikanga, i te tipu haere o ngā kamupene, ka taea e rātou te whakaputa taonga, ratonga rānei me te whai hua ake, ā, ka whakaitihia ngā utu. Ka puta ake ēnei painga mai i ētahi āhuatanga, tae atu ki te motuhaketanga o te mahi me te whakapaipai, te whakatinanatanga o ngā hangarau whai hua ake, me te kaha ki te whiriwhiri i ngā tikanga pai ake me ngā kaiwhakarato.
Taketake me te Horopaki o mua
I te tīmatanga o te rautau 20 i puta tuatahi ai te kupu "ōhanga tauine" i te wā o te whanaketanga o te ōhanga ahumahi, ā, mai i taua wā kua noho hei kaupapa matua i roto i te rautaki pakihi me te whakahaere mahi. E hono ana te ariā ki te mahi a Adam Smith i te mutunga o te rautau 1700, nāna i tautuhi te wehenga mahi hei pūtake matua o te whanaketanga ōhanga me te whai hua. I kite a Smith ko te tohungatanga i roto i ngā tukanga mahi-rahi i tino whakanui ake i te hua me te whakaheke i ngā utu, he ariā taketake mō te mārama ki ngā ōhanga tauine.
I roto i ngā rautau 19 me te 20, nā te ahumahi i whakakaha te whakaputanga nui i roto i ngā wheketere puta noa i te ao. Ko ngā pakihi e whakamahi ana i tēnei ia tipu mā te whakawhānui i ā rātou mahi, he maha ngā wā ka kitea he painga utu ki a rātou anō i ngā kaiwhakataetae iti ake, kāore i te tino whai hua. Nā tēnei i taea ai e ngā kamupene nui ake te whakahaere i ngā mākete me te whakatutuki i ngā hua nui ake. Ko te hanganga o ngā raina huihuinga e Henry Ford i te tīmatanga o te rautau 20 i whakaatu i te mana o ngā ōhanga tauine. Mā te whakamahi mīhini i te whakaputanga me te mahi motuhake, ka taea e Ford te hanga waka tere ake me te utu iti iho i te mea i whakaarohia i mua.
Ngā Momo Ōhanga Tauine
1. Ngā Ōhanga ā-Roto Tauine
Ko ngā ōhanga ā-roto o te tauine he penapena utu e puta mai ana i roto i te kamupene nā tōna ake tipu me tōna whanaketanga. Ka taea te whakarōpū whānuitia ki ngā momo e whai ake nei:
– Ngā Ōhanga Hangarau: I te tipu haere o ngā kamupene, ka taea e rātou te haumi ki ngā hangarau me ngā taputapu matatau ake, hei whakarei ake i te pai o te whakaputa. He tere ake te mahi a ngā mīhini hou, ā, he tika ake, ka whakaiti i ngā utu para me ngā utu mahi. Hei tauira, ka haumi pea tētahi kaihanga motuka nui ake ki ngā mahi karetao hei whakapai ake i te pai o te raina huihuinga.
– Ngā Ōhanga Whakahaere: Ka taea e ngā umanga nui ake te utu i ngā kaiwhakahaere tohunga me te whakatū tari e aro ana ki ngā mahi motuhake (hei tauira, te hokohoko, te pūtea, te HR), ka hua ake he whakatau whai hua ake me te tohatoha rauemi.
– Ngā Ōhanga Pūtea: He pai ake te urunga atu o ngā kamupene nui ki te nama me ngā reiti huamoni iti iho nā te mea e whakaarohia ana he iti ake te mōrearea e ngā kaituku moni. Hei tāpiri, tera pea ka taea e ngā kamupene nui te tuku hea, ngā here rānei hei putea i te tipu.
– Ngā Ōhanga Hokohoko: Ka heke te utu mō ia waeine o te hokohoko i te pikinga ake o te tauine o ngā mahi. Ka taea e te kaihanga nui te tohatoha i te utu o te pānuitanga ki runga i te nui ake o ngā hoko.
– Ngā Ōhanga Whatunga: Ina koa i roto i ngā ahumahi matihiko me ngā whakawhitiwhiti kōrero, ka puta ngā ōhanga whatunga ina tāpirihia e ia kaiwhakamahi tāpiri o te hua, o te ratonga rānei te uara ki tōna whakamahinga mō ētahi atu. Hei tauira, ka nui ake te uara o ngā papaaho pāpāho pāpori ki ngā kaiwhakamahi i te mea ka nui haere te hunga e uru atu ana ki te whatunga.
2. Ngā Ōhanga o Waho Tauine
Ko ngā ōhanga tauine o waho ka puta mai i ngā āhuatanga o waho e whai hua ana ki te ahumahi katoa, ki te rohe whenua rānei, kaua ki te mea motuhake ki tētahi kamupene takitahi. Ko ētahi tauira:
– Te Rōpū Mekameka Tuku: Ina noho pūmau ngā kaiwhakarato, ngā kaiwhakarato ratonga, me ngā kaihanga ki ngā rohe katoa, ka taea e rātou te tohatoha rauemi me ngā ratonga, ka whakaiti i ngā utu mō ngā kaiuru katoa e whai wāhi ana. He tauira noa iho a Silicon Valley, ko te tata ki ngā kaimahi pūkenga, te pūtea whakangao, me ngā kamupene hangarau hou ka whakatairanga i te tipu.
– Te Ako me te Auahatanga: He maha ngā wā ka whai hua ngā ahumahi kukū mai i te puna mātauranga me te auahatanga ngātahi. Mā ngā mahi tahi me te tiritiri i ngā tikanga pai ka hua ake he hua e kore e taea e ngā kamupene takitahi te whakatutuki.
– Ngā Painga o te Hanganga: Mā ngā whakapainga o ngā hanganga pēnei i te kawe waka, ngā ratonga whakahaere, me ngā ratonga kawe waka i tētahi rohe ka taea te whakaiti i ngā utu whakahaere mō ngā pakihi katoa kei reira.
Ngā Wehenga o te Tauine
Ahakoa he nui ngā painga o te ōhanga tauine, mā te tipu nui rawa ka hua ake he kore ōhanga tauine—ka piki ake ngā utu mō ia waeine i te tipu haere o te kamupene ki tua atu i tōna rahi tino pai. Ko ngā mea e whai wāhi ana ki te kore ōhanga tauine ko:
– Te Uauatanga me te Tari Whakahaere: He maha ngā wā ka pāngia ngā whakahaere nui e ngā paparanga whakahaere kua piki ake, ka puhoi ake ngā tukanga whakatau me te koretake o te mahi. Ka piki ake hoki te tūponotanga o te kore whakawhitiwhiti kōrero me te kore mārama, ka whakararu i te whai huatanga o te mahi.
– Te Whakakorenga o te Whakauru ki ngā Mahi: I roto i ngā kamupene tino nui, ka ngaro pea te hihiri o ngā kaimahi, ā, ka heke te hua o te mahi, ka piki ake hoki te maha o ngā huringa mahi.
– Ngā Utu Whakarite: I te whānui haere o ngā umanga, ka nui haere te uaua o te whakaritenga i waenga i ngā tari me ngā wehenga rerekē, ka hua ake he koretake o te mahi, ka whakaiti i ngā painga utu i whiwhihia i mua.
– Te Whakawhirinakitanga ki te Mekameka Tuku: Tērā pea ka nui rawa te whakawhirinakitanga o ngā kamupene tino nui ki tētahi whatunga matatini o ngā kaiwhakarato, ka tūpono ka nui te whakararuraru mēnā ka pāngia tētahi wāhanga o te mekameka tuku e ngā raruraru.
Nga tono mo te ao me nga tauira
He maha ngā kamupene rongonui e whakaatu ana i ngā mātāpono o te ōhanga tauine. Whakaarohia ēnei tauira e whai ake nei:
– Walmart: Hei tētahi o ngā kaihokohoko nui rawa atu o te ao, ka whakamahia e Walmart ngā ōhanga tauine hei whiriwhiri i ngā utu iti iho i ngā kaiwhakarato, hei whakahaere i ngā mahi whakahaere taonga, hei tuku utu iti hoki ki ngā kaihoko. Mā tā rātou whatunga tohatoha whānui me ngā pūnaha whakahaere rawa matatau ka whakaitihia ngā utu, ka whakarei ake hoki i te whai huatanga.
– Amazon: Waihoki, ka whai hua a Amazon i ngā ōhanga tauine i roto i ana mahi putunga nui, ngā whatunga tuku whānui, me ngā ratonga rorohiko kapua. Mā te tauine ka taea te penapena utu nui, ka taea te tuku ki ngā kaihoko mā te utu whakataetae.
– Procter & Gamble (P&G): Ka whakamahia e P&G ngā ōhanga tauine mā te whakaputa i ngā taonga kaihoko i roto i ngā rahinga nui, te arotau i ngā whare whakaputa, me te haumi ki ngā kaupapa hokohoko nui. Mā ēnei hua ka taea e rātou te pupuri i te aroaro kaha i roto i ngā mākete o te ao.
Opaniraa
He mea nui te mahi a ngā ōhanga tauine ki te hanga i te whenua ahumahi, ki te whakaiti i ngā utu, me te whakarei ake i te whakataetae. Ahakoa he nui ngā painga e tukuna ana e rātou, me tūpato hoki ngā pakihi ki ngā mahanga pea o te tipu nui rawa. Mā te kimi i te taurite tika i waenga i te tauine me te whai huatanga ka taea te whakarite i te ara mō te tipu pumau me te angitu mō te wā roa. He mea nui te mārama ki ngā āhuatanga rerekē o ngā ōhanga tauine mō ngā kaiārahi pakihi me ngā kaihanga kaupapa here e whai ana ki te whakatairanga i te whanaketanga ōhanga me te whakatairanga i ngā mākete whakataetae.
