Te Tikanga o te Tāurangi Utu Kaihoko
Ko te Tāurangi Utu Kaihoko (CPI) he tohu ōhanga nui e ine ana i te huringa toharite o ngā utu e utua ana e ngā kaihoko tāone nui mō te kete mākete o ngā taonga me ngā ratonga kaihoko. He whakatau tatauranga tēnei i hangaia mā te whakamahi i ngā utu o tētahi tauira o ngā taonga e whakaatu ana i ō rātou utu ka kohia i ia wā. Kāore e taea te whakanui rawa i te hiranga o te CPI, nā te mea e whakarato ana i ngā mōhiohio nui hei mārama ki ngā ia o te pikinga utu o te ōhanga, te whakatakoto kaupapa here moni, te whakatikatika i ētahi atu tohu ōhanga, me te tāurangi i ngā painga pāpori kia mau tonu ai ki te pikinga utu. Ka rukuhia e tēnei tuhinga ngā taipitopito uaua o te CPI, ōna wāhanga, ngā tikanga, me ngā pānga ki ngā momo rāngai o te ōhanga.
Papakupu Aamu
I ahu mai te ariā o te CPI i te tīmatanga o te rautau 20, ā, i whakawhanakehia tuatahitia hei whakarato i tētahi ine i ngā panonitanga o te utu oranga mō ngā kaimahi. Hei tauira, i tīmata te United States ki te whakaputa auau i ngā raraunga CPI i ngā tau 1920 mā te Tari Tatauranga Mahi (BLS). I roto i ngā tekau tau, kua whanake te tikanga me te kapinga o te CPI hei whakauru i ngā panonitanga o ngā tauira kai, ngā pēhanga pikinga utu, me ngā whanaketanga o te tātari tatauranga.
Ngā Wāhanga o te CPI
Kei roto i te CPI he whānuitanga o ngā taonga me ngā ratonga, kua whakarōpūtia ki ētahi rōpū matua:
1. Kai me ngā Inu: Kei roto i tēnei ko ngā taonga hokomaha, ngā kai i waho, ngā inu kore-waipiro me ngā inu waipiro.
2. Whare Noho: Kei roto ko te reti, te reti rānei e rite ana ki te reti a ngā rangatira, ngā ratonga me ngā taonga o te whare.
3. Kākahu: Kākahu, hu, me ngā mea whakapaipai.
4. Te Waka: Ngā utu e pā ana ki ngā waka whaiaro, te kawe a te iwi, te wahie, me te tiaki.
5. Tiaki Hauora: Ngā whakapaunga mō ngā ratonga hauora, ngā hua, me te inihua hauora.
6. Ngā Whakangahau: Ngā utu mō ngā mahi whakangahau me te hoko taputapu me ngā taonga e pā ana.
7. Mātauranga me te Whakawhitiwhiti Kōrero: Te utu kura, ngā taputapu mātauranga, me ngā ratonga me ngā ratonga whakawhitiwhiti kōrero pēnei i te waea, te ipurangi, me te mēra.
8. Ētahi atu Taonga me ngā Ratonga: Kei roto i tēnei kāwai he whānuitanga o ngā ratonga whaiaro, pērā i te kutikuti makawe, me ngā hua tiaki whaiaro.
Te tatau i te CPI
Te Kōwhiringa o te Kete Mākete
Ka tatauhia te CPI i runga i tētahi 'kete mākete' kua tīpakohia marietia o ngā taonga me ngā ratonga e whakaata ana i ngā tikanga whakapaunga a te kaihoko o te tāone nui. Ka whakahoutia tēnei kete mākete i ia wā kia tika ai te whakaatu i ngā tauira whakapaunga o nāianei. Ka whakawhirinaki te tukanga whiriwhiri ki ngā rangahau whakapaunga a ngā kaihoko me ētahi atu raraunga e tika ana hei tautuhi i ngā tūemi tino nui, me te tuku taumaha tika ki a rātou i runga i tō rātou hiranga.
Kohinga Utu
Ko ngā utu mō ngā taonga o te kete mākete ka kohia mai i ngā toa hokohoko, ngā whare ratonga, ngā whare reti, me ngā kaiwhakarato ratonga puta noa i ngā wāhi rerekē. Ka puta te tukanga kohi i ia marama, ahakoa ko ētahi utu pēnei i ngā utu mō ngā taonga o te wā ka iti ake te kohi.
Tātaitanga Taupū
Kātahi ka whakamahia ngā raraunga utu hei tatau i te huringa utu mō ia taonga i roto i te kete. Ka whakakotahihia ēnei huringa mā te whakamahi i te toharite taumaha hei whakaputa i te CPI whānui. Mā tēnei huarahi taumaha ka whakarite kia whai pānga ōrite ngā wāhanga nui ake, pērā i te whare, ki te taupū whakamutunga.
Te Whakamārama me ngā Whakamahinga o te CPI
Te Ine i te Pikinga
Ko te whakamahinga matua o te CPI he ine i te pikinga utu, arā, te tere o te pikinga o te taumata whānui o ngā utu mō ngā taonga me ngā ratonga. Ka whakaitihia e te pikinga utu te mana hoko, ā, ka whakaratohia e te CPI he pikitia mārama mō te nui o te pikinga utu e puta ana i roto i tētahi wā motuhake. Mā te whakataurite i te CPI o te marama o nāianei ki tērā o te marama, o te tau rānei o mua, ka taea e ngā tohunga ōhanga te whakatau i te nui o te pikinga o ngā utu me te matapae i ngā au o te heke mai.
Te whakatakoto kaupapa here
He mea nui te CPI i roto i te whakatakoto kaupapa here moni a ngā peeke pokapū. Hei tauira, ko te Federal Reserve i te United States e whai ana i tētahi reiti pikinga motuhake hei pupuri i te pumau ohaoha. Ka taea e ngā rerekētanga mai i tēnei whainga te awe i ngā whakataunga mō ngā reiti huamoni, me te pikinga o te pikinga ka akiaki i ngā pikinga reiti huamoni hei whakamatao i te ohaoha, me te whakaheke i te pikinga ka arahi ki te whakahekenga reiti hei whakaoho i te whakapaunga.
Ngā Whakarerekētanga Utu-o-te-Ora
Ka whakamahia te CPI hei whakarerekē i ngā utunga moni whiwhi hei pupuri i te mana hoko a ngā kaiwhiwhi. Ko ngā painga Haumaru Hapori, ngā penihana, me ngā utu i roto i ētahi kirimana mahi ka tātaitia ki te CPI. Mā tēnei ka whakarite kia rite te moni whiwhi a ngā kaiwhiwhi ki te pikinga utu, ā, ka ārai i te hekenga o tō rātou paerewa oranga.
Te Ahuritanga Pütea
Ka whakamahia e ngā kaipūtea me ngā kaitātari te CPI hei ine i te hauora o te ōhanga. Ko te pikinga o te CPI e tohu ana i te pikinga o te tono me te tipu ōhanga, engari e tohu ana hoki i te wera nui me ngā mōrearea pikinga utu. I tetahi atu taha, ko te hekenga o te CPI ka tohu pea i te ngoikore o te mahi ōhanga me ngā pēhanga hekenga utu.
Te Whakatikatika i Ētahi Atu Tohu Ōhanga
He maha atu anō ngā tohu ōhanga ka whakatikatikaina mā te whakamahi i te CPI hei tango i ngā pānga o te pikinga utu. Hei tauira, he maha ngā wā ka whakatikatikaina ngā tatauranga Hua ā-Rohe Katoa (GDP) ki ngā kupu tūturu mā te whakamahi i te CPI hei whakarato i tētahi whakaaturanga tika ake o te tipu ōhanga.
Nga whakahee me nga here
Ahakoa tōna hiranga, kāore te CPI i te kore he whakahē me ngā herenga:
1. Te Whakahāwea Whakakapinga: Tērā pea ka whakanui rawa te CPI i te pikinga utu mā te kore e tino whai whakaaro ki te ia o ngā kaihoko ki te whakakapi i ngā mea iti ake te utu ina piki ake ngā utu mō ētahi taonga.
2. Ngā Huringa Kounga: He uaua pea te whakarerekē i ngā huringa o te kounga o te hua, ka puta pea ngā hapa. Mena he pai ake te tauira hou o tētahi hua engari he nui ake te utu, kāore pea te pikinga o te utu e whakaatu i te pikinga o ngā utu engari he whakapainga o te kounga.
3. Te Pānga o te Hua Hou: Kāore pea te taupū e whakauru pai i ngā hua hou e hokona ana e ngā kaihoko, ā, kei ngaro pea te hekenga utu tuatahi i kitea i roto i te maha o ngā hua hangarau hou.
4. Ngā Rerekētanga ā-Taiwhenua me ā-Taipori: E whakaata ana te CPI i ngā wheako o te kaihoko tāone toharite, e rerekē ana pea i ngā kaihoko taiwhenua, i ngā rōpū taupori motuhake rānei, ā, ka hua ake he pikitia kāore i oti mō ngā huringa whānui o te utu oranga.
Opaniraa
He taputapu nui tonu te Tāurangi Utu Kaihoko mō te tātari ōhanga, te whakatakoto kaupapa here, me ngā whakatikatika moni whiwhi. He ine whānui tēnei mō te pikinga utu, e whakarato ana i ngā māramatanga nui ki te taiao ōhanga, ā, e whai pānga ana ki te whānuitanga o ngā whakataunga pūtea. Ahakoa he iti noa iho ōna herenga, kei te whakapai tonu te whakatikatika i roto i tana tikanga me ngā mahi kohikohi raraunga i tōna tika me tōna hiranga. He mea nui te mārama ki te CPI mō te hunga katoa e whai wāhi ana ki te whakamahere ōhanga, te whakahaere pūtea, te whakatakoto kaupapa here rānei, nā te mea e whakaatu ana i te āhua hihiri me te huri haere tonu o ngā utu i roto i tētahi whenua ōhanga uaua.
