Te Ōhanga Matua me te Ōhanga Moroiti: He Tātaritanga Whānui
I roto i te ao whānui o te ariā ōhanga, e rua ngā peka motuhake engari e hono tahi ana: ko te ōhanga whānui me te ōhanga iti. He mea nui ngā peka e rua mō te mārama ki ngā uauatanga o ngā āhuatanga ōhanga, te hanga kaupapa here, me te aro atu ki ngā wero maha e pā ana ki ngā pakihi, ngā kāwanatanga, me ngā tāngata takitahi. Ahakoa e mahi ana rātou i ngā taumata rerekē o te ōhanga, he mea nui te taunekeneke mō te whakatutuki i te pumau me te tipu ōhanga whānui. Ka rukuhia e tēnei tuhinga ngā whakamāramatanga, ngā rerekētanga, me te hiranga o te ōhanga whānui me te ōhanga iti, me te tūhura me pēhea te noho tahi o ēnei peka e rua hei peita i tētahi pikitia katoa o te mooni ōhanga.
Te mohio ki te Microeconomics
Ko te ōhanga moroiti te peka o te ōhanga e pā ana ki ngā whanonga me ngā tukanga whakatau a ngā wāhanga takitahi, pērā i ngā whare, ngā umanga, me ngā ahumahi. E arotahi ana ki te tohatoha rauemi me ngā taunekeneke i roto i ngā mākete e hokona ana, e hokona ana hoki ngā taonga me ngā ratonga. Ko ngā ariā matua o te ōhanga moroiti ko te tuku me te tono, te ngāwari, te whanonga kaihoko, te whakaputa me ngā utu, ngā hanganga mākete, me ngā āhuatanga whakaputa.
Ngā Ariā Matua i roto i te Ohanga Moroiti
1. Te Tuku me te Tono:
Ko te tuku me te tono te poutokomanawa o te ariā ōhanga moroiti. E kī ana te ture o te tono, ceteris paribus (mēnā he ōrite ngā mea katoa), ka heke te nui o te taonga e tonoa ana mēnā ka piki ake te utu. I tetahi atu taha, e kī ana te ture o te tuku, ko te pikinga o te utu o te taonga ka piki ake te nui o te taonga e tukuna ana. Ko te hononga o ngā pihi tuku me te pihi tono ka whakatau i te utu taurite mākete.
2. Te ngāwari:
Ka ine te ngāwari o te rahinga e hiahiatia ana, e tukuna ana rānei i te nui o te urupare a te rahinga e tonoa ana, e tukuna ana rānei ki ngā huringa o te utu, te moni whiwhi, me ētahi atu āhuatanga rānei. Hei tauira, e whakaatu ana te ngāwari o te utu o te tono i te tairongo o te rahinga e tonoa ana ki te huringa utu. He nui ake te huringa o te tono mō ngā taonga ngāwari me ngā piki me ngā heke o te utu, engari he iti noa te huringa o ngā taonga kore ngāwari.
3. Te Whanoke a te Kaihoko:
Ka tirohia e te ōhanga moroiti te huarahi e whakatau ai ngā kaihoko kia nui ake ai te whai huatanga, te makona rānei, i runga i ngā herenga o tā rātou tahua. Ka tūhuratia e te ariā o te kōwhiringa a te kaihoko te huarahi e tohatoha ai ngā tāngata i ā rātou rauemi iti ki ngā taonga me ngā ratonga rerekē.
4. Te Hanga me ngā Utu:
Ko te whāinga a ngā umanga he whakanui i ngā hua mā te whakaiti i ngā utu whakaputa me te arotau i ngā taumata whakaputa. Ka ako te ōhanga moroiti i ngā mahi whakaputa mō te wā poto me te wā roa, ngā ōhanga tauine, me ngā hanganga utu, e awe ana i ngā whakataunga whakaputa a ngā umanga.
5. Ngā Hanganga Mākete:
Ko ngā hanganga mākete rerekē—pērā i te whakataetae tino tika, te whakataetae monopolistic, te oligopoly, me te monopoly—ka pā ki te utu a ngā umanga i ā rātou hua, ā rātou taumata putanga, me te whakataetae i te mākete. He āhuatanga motuhake me ngā pānga o ia hanganga ki te whanonga me te whai hua o te mākete.
Te Mārama ki te Matū Ōhanga
He rerekē, ko te ōhanga whānui te kaupapa matua, e aro ana ki te ōhanga whānui. Ka tātarihia ngā tohu me ngā āhuatanga whānui, pērā i te moni whiwhi ā-motu, te hua ā-rohe whānui (GDP), ngā reiti kore mahi, te pikinga utu, me te taumata whānui o te tipu ōhanga. Ka whakawhanakehia e ngā tohunga ōhanga whānui ngā tauira hei mārama ki te pānga o ngā āhuatanga maha pērā i ngā kaupapa here a te kāwanatanga, te hokohoko ā-ao, me ngā whanonga whānui ki te mahi a te ōhanga katoa.
Ngā Ariā Matua i roto i te Macroeconomics
1. Hua ā-Rohe Katoa (GDP):
Ko te GDP te uara katoa o ngā taonga me ngā ratonga katoa i hangaia i roto i tētahi whenua i roto i tētahi wā motuhake. He tohu matua tēnei mō te mahi ōhanga. E toru ngā huarahi e taea ai te ine i te GDP: te whakaputa, te moni whiwhi, me te whakapaunga. Ka hoatu e ia huarahi he tirohanga ki ngā āhuatanga rerekē o te mahi ōhanga.
2. Te Kore Mahi:
Mā te tātari i ngā reiti kore mahi ka āwhina i ngā tohunga ōhanga whānui ki te mārama ki ngā āhuatanga o te mākete mahi. He maha ngā wā ka whakarōpūtia te kore mahi ki ngā āhuatanga waku, hanganga, huringa, me ngā āhuatanga ā-wā. Kei roto i te reiti tūturu o te kore mahi ko te kore mahi waku me te hanganga, e tohu ana i te huringa hauora o te mākete mahi.
3. Te pikinga utu:
Ka inehia e te pikinga utu te pikinga whānui o ngā taumata utu i roto i te wā. Ka aro turukihia te nuinga mā te whakamahi i te Taupū Utu Kaihoko (CPI) me te Taupū Utu Kaihanga (PPI). He mea noa te pikinga utu ngawari i roto i ngā ōhanga e tipu haere ana, engari ka taea e te pikinga utu nui, te hekenga utu rānei te arahi ki ngā raruraru ōhanga nui.
4. Kaupapahere Pūtea:
Ka whakamahia e ngā kāwanatanga ngā kaupapa here pūtea—ngā huringa o ngā whakapaunga me ngā taake a te kāwanatanga—hei awe i te ōhanga. Ko ngā kaupapa here pūtea whānui e whai ana ki te whakaoho i te tipu ōhanga i ngā wā o te hokinga whakamuri, ko ngā kaupapa here pūtea whakaheke e whai ana ki te whakamatao i te ōhanga e wera rawa ana.
5. Kaupapahere Pūtea:
Ka whakatinanahia e ngā peeke matua he kaupapa here moni mā te whakahaere i te tuku moni me ngā reiti huamoni. Ka taea e tēnei kaupapa here te whakawhānui (te whakanui ake i te tuku moni hei whakaiti i ngā reiti huamoni me te whakanui ake i ngā mahi ōhanga) te whakaheke rānei (te whakaiti i te tuku moni hei whakahaere i te pikinga utu).
Te Hononga i waenganui i te Ohanga Moroiti me te Ohanga Matotoru
Ahakoa e tirotirohia ana e te ōhanga iti me te ōhanga whānui ngā tauine rerekē o ngā mahi ōhanga, he hononga ā-roto kei waenganui i a rāua. Ka taea te whakakotahi i ngā putanga ōhanga iti hei hanga i ngā tohu ōhanga whānui, ā, ka taea e ngā āhuatanga ōhanga whānui te awe i ngā whakataunga ōhanga iti.
Hei tauira, ka pāngia te hiahia whānuitia e te whanonga a ngā kaihoko i te taumata ōhanga iti i te taumata ōhanga whānui. Mēnā ka whakapiki ake ngā whare i ā rātou whakapaunga, ka piki ake te hiahia whānuitia, ā, ka arahi pea ki te tipu ōhanga. I tetahi atu taha, ki te āta tupato ake ngā kaihoko me te whakaiti i ngā whakapaunga, ka arahi pea ki te hekenga o te hiahia whānuitia me te puhoi o te tipu ōhanga.
Waihoki, ka pā tika ngā kaupapa here ōhanga whānui ki ngā whanonga ōhanga iti. Ka pāngia ngā whakataunga nama me ngā whakapaunga a ngā whare me ngā umanga e te panoni o ngā reiti huamoni (he taputapu ōhanga whānui). Ka akiakihia te nama me te haumi e ngā reiti huamoni iti, engari ka ārai pea ngā reiti teitei i ēnei mahi.
Te Hiranga o te Ohanga Moroiti me te Ohanga Matotoru
He mea nui te mārama ki te ōhanga iti me te ōhanga nui mō ngā momo kaipupuri moni:
1. Ngā Kaihanga Kaupapa Here:
Ka whakawhirinaki ngā kāwanatanga me ngā peeke matua ki ngā ariā me ngā mātāpono ohaoha hei hanga kaupapa here whai hua. Mā te mārama ki ngā whanonga ōhanga iti me ngā tohu ōhanga whānui, ka taea e ngā kaihanga kaupapa here te aro atu ki ngā take pēnei i te pikinga utu, te kore mahi, me te tipu ōhanga.
2. Ngā Pakihi:
Ka whakamahia e ngā umanga ngā ariā ōhanga iti hei whakatau whai whakaaro mō ngā utu, te whakaputa, me ngā rautaki hokohoko. I te wā kotahi, mā te aroturuki i ngā au ōhanga nui ka āwhina i ngā pakihi ki te matapae i ngā āhuatanga o te mākete me te whakarerekē i ā rātou rautaki kia rite ki tēnā.
3. Ngā Kaipupuri Moni:
Ka tātarihia e ngā kaipupuri moni ngā kaupapa matua o te ōhanga iti o ngā kamupene me ngā ia o te ōhanga whānui kia taea ai te whakatau tika i ngā whakataunga haumi. Mā te māramatanga whānui ki ngā tohu ōhanga ka taea te ārahi i te whakahaere putea me te aromatawai mōrearea.
4. Ngā Kaiako me ngā Kairangahau:
Ka whai wāhi ngā kaipūtaiao ōhanga me ngā kairangahau ki te whanaketanga o te ariā ōhanga mā te tūhura i ngā āhuatanga uaua o te ōhanga iti me te ōhanga whānui. Ka āwhina ā rātou mahi ki te whakatairanga i te mātauranga, ā, ka whakarato hoki i ngā māramatanga mō ngā tono mahi.
Opaniraa
Hei whakamutunga, ko te ōhanga iti me te ōhanga whānui he peka nui e rua o te ariā ōhanga e whakarato ana i te māramatanga whānui mō te mahi a ngā ōhanga. Ka rukuhia e te ōhanga iti ngā āhuatanga uaua o te whakatau takitahi me ngā whanaketanga mākete, ko te ōhanga whānui ia ka tātari i te whenua ōhanga whānui. He mea nui te taunekeneke i waenga i ēnei mara e rua hei aro atu ki ngā wero ōhanga me te whakatakoto kaupapa here whai hua. Mā te mārama ki ngā tirohanga e rua, ka taea e ngā tohunga ōhanga, ngā kaihanga kaupapa here, ngā pakihi, me ngā tāngata takitahi te whakatau i ngā whakataunga whai whakaaro nui ake hei āwhina i te pumau me te tipu o te ōhanga.
