Ngā Tauira Pātai mō te Hanganga Atomika: Te Whakakite i ngā Kaupapa Taketake o te Matū
He ariā taketake te hanganga ngota i roto i te matū, he mea nui kia mārama. Ko te ngota te waeine iti rawa o tētahi huānga matū e mau tonu ana ngā āhuatanga o taua huānga. Mā te mārama ki te hanganga ngota ka āwhina i a tātou ki te mārama ki ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana me te matū o te mea. I roto i tēnei tuhinga, ka matapakihia e tātou ētahi tauira raruraru me ā rātou otinga hei whakahōhonu ake i tō tātou mārama ki te hanganga ngota.
He Kupu Whakataki ki te Hanganga Atomika
I tīmata te mōhiotanga ki te hanganga ngota i te tauira ngota a Dalton, i kī ai ko ngā ngota ngā matūriki iti rawa e kore e taea te wehewehe anō. Heoi, i te whanaketanga o te pūtaiao, ka whanake tēnei ariā me ngā ariā pēnei i te tauira pūtini karepe a J.J. Thomson, te tauira ngota a Rutherford, ā, i te mutunga ko te tauira miihini irahiko i whakatakotoria e Schrödinger rāua ko Heisenberg.
Ngā Wāhanga Matua o ngā Atoma
I mua i te urunga atu ki ngā tauira rapanga, he mea nui kia mārama ki ngā wāhanga taketake o te ngota:
1. Ngā Pūrotana: Ngā matūriki utu pai kei roto i te karihi o te ngota.
2. Ngā irahiko: Ngā matūriki kūpapa kei roto hoki i te karihi ngota me ngā irahiko.
3. Ngā irahiko: Ngā matūriki utu-kino e neke haere ana i te karihi i roto i ētahi porowhita.
Ngā Pātai Tauira me te Kōrero
Pātai 1: Te Whakatau i te Tau o ngā Porotini, ngā Neutron, me ngā Irahiko
Pātai:
Ko te nama atomika o te ngota waro ko te 6, ā, ko te nama papatipu ko te 12. Tātaihia te maha o ngā porotana, ngā iōnitora, me ngā irahiko i roto i te ngota.
Kōrero:
Ko te tau ngota e tohu ana i te maha o ngā porotini i roto i te ngota. Nō reira, mō te waro:
– Te maha o ngā porotini = 6
Nā te mea he kūpapa te ngota, me ōrite te maha o ngā irahiko ki te maha o ngā porotona:
– Te maha o ngā irahiko = 6
Ko te tau papatipu ko te tapeke o ngā porotona me ngā iōniutara. Nō reira,
– Te maha o ngā niutoroni = Te tau papatipu – Te maha o ngā porotoni = 12 – 6 = 6
Nō reira, e 6 ngā porotana, e 6 ngā irahiko, me e 6 ngā neutrone o te ngota waro.
Pātai 2: Whirihoranga Irahiko
Pātai:
Tuhia te whirihoranga irahiko mō tētahi ngota hāora he 8 tōna tau ngota.
Kōrero:
Ka whakatauhia te whirihoranga irahiko i runga i te mātāpono Aufbau, e kī ana ko ngā irahiko te tuatahi ki te whakakī i ngā porowhita i runga i ō rātou taumata pūngao iti rawa. Ko te raupapa o te whakakī porowhita penei:
1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, 4p, 5s, 4d, 5p, 6s, 4f, 5d, 6p
Mō te nama atomika 8:
– Ka whakakīia te porowhita 1s e ngā irahiko tuatahi e 2 -> 1s²
– Ka whakakīia te porowhita 2s e ngā irahiko e rua e whai ake nei -> 2s²
– Ka whakakīia te porowhita 2p e ngā irahiko whakamutunga e 4 -> 2p⁴
Nō reira, ko te whirihoranga irahiko ko 1s² 2s² 2p⁴.
Pātai 3: Ngā Isotope me te Taumaha Atomika Whānau
Pātai:
E rua ngā isotope matua o te chlorine: Cl-35 me Cl-37. Mena ko te nui o te isotope Cl-35 he 75.77%, ā, ko te Cl-37 he 24.23%, tatauhia te papatipu ngota whanaunga o te chlorine.
Kōrero:
Ka taea te tatau i te papatipu ngota whanaunga (Ar) o te chlorine mā te whakamahi i te nui toharite o ia isotope:
\[ Ar = (\text{Te nui o te Isotope 1} \times \text{Te papatipu o te Isotope 1}) + (\text{Te nui o te Isotope 2} \times \text{Te papatipu o te Isotope 2}) \]
Whakakapia te nui ki te āhua ira-ira:
\[ Ar = (0.7577 \times 35) + (0.2423 \times 37) \]
\[ Ar = 26.5195 + 8.9651 \]
\[ Ar = 35.4846 \]
Nō reira, ko te papatipu ngota whanaunga o te chlorine he tata ki te 35.48.
Pātai 4: Whirihoranga Irahiko i roto i ngā Iona
Pātai:
Tuhia te whirihoranga irahiko mō te katote Konumohe (Al³⁺), me te tau ngota 13.
Kōrero:
Ko te whirihoranga irahiko mō te ngota konumohe (Al) me te tau ngota 13:
1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p¹
I roto i te ion Al³⁺, ka ngaro te 3 irahiko mai i te porowhita o waho rawa:
– Ngā irahiko i roto i te 3p, 2 mai i te 3s.
Nā, ko te whirihoranga irahiko mō Al³⁺ ko:
1s² 2s² 2p⁶
Pātai 5: Ngā Irahiko Valence
Pātai:
E hia ngā irahiko valence kei roto i te ngota phosphorus (P) me te tau ngota 15?
Kōrero:
Te whirihoranga irahiko o te whākōkī (P):
1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p³
Ko ngā irahiko ā-valence ko ngā irahiko kei roto i te anga o waho rawa:
– I tēnei wā, i te 3s² 3p³.
Te tapeke o ngā irahiko valence:
2 (o te 3) + 3 (o te 3p) = 5
Nō reira, e rima ngā irahiko valence o te whākōkī.
Whakamutunga
Ko te mārama ki te hanganga ngota e uru ana ki te mōhio ki ngā momo matūriki iti-ngota pērā i ngā porotona, ngā neutron, me ngā irahiko me te āhua o tō rātou whakaritenga i roto i ngā ngota. Mā te whakaharatau i ngā pātai pēnei i ngā mea kua kōrerohia, ka taea e tātou te hōhonu ake i tō tātou mārama ki ēnei ariā taketake. Ehara i te mea he taketake noa te hanganga ngota i roto i te matū, engari ko te kī hoki ki te mārama ki ngā āhuatanga uaua ake i roto i te pūtaiao me te hangarau.
