Ngā Tauira Pātai e Matapaki ana i te Hanganga Atomika me te Ripanga Āhuatanga o ngā Huānga
Pendahuluan
Ko te hanganga ngota me te ripanga ā-wāhanga o ngā huānga he ariā matua i roto i te matū e hanga ana i te pūtake mō te mārama ki ngā āhuatanga me te whanonga o ngā momo huānga. I roto i tēnei tuhinga, ka matapakihia e mātou ngā tauira o ngā raruraru e pā ana ki te hanganga ngota me te ripanga ā-wāhanga o ngā huānga, me te matapaki anō hoki i aua mea.
Hanganga Atomika
Tauira Pātai 1: Whirihoranga Irahiko
Pātai: Whakatauhia te whirihoranga irahiko o te ngota konupūmā (Ca) e 20 te tau ngota.
Kōrero:
Ko te tau ngota o te konupūmā he 20, arā, e 20 ōna irahiko. Hei whakatau i tōna whirihoranga irahiko, me tohatoha e tātou ngā irahiko kia rite ki te mātāpono Aufbau, e whakakī ana i ngā porowhita mai i te taumata pūngao iti rawa ki te taumata pūngao teitei rawa.
1. 1s^2 (2 ngā irahiko)
2. 2s^2 (2 ngā irahiko)
3. 2p^6 (6 ngā irahiko)
4. 3s^2 (2 ngā irahiko)
5. 3p^6 (6 ngā irahiko)
6. 4s^2 (2 ngā irahiko)
Nō reira, ko te whirihoranga irahiko o te Konupūmā (Ca) ko 1s^2 2s^2 2p^6 3s^2 3p^6 4s^2.
Tauira Pātai 2: Ngā Tau Irahiko
Pātai: Whakatauhia te uara tau irahiko o te irahiko whakamutunga i roto i te ngota Hāora (O) kei a ia te tau irahiko 8.
Kōrero:
Ko te tau atomika o te hāora he 8, nō reira ko tōna whirihoranga irahiko:
1s^2 2s^2 2p^4
Kei roto i te porowhita 2p te irahiko whakamutunga i roto i te hāora. Me whakatau e tātou te tau irahiko o tēnei irahiko:
– Tau matua irahiko (n): 2 (nā te mea kei roto i te anga tuarua)
– Tau irahiko azimuthal (l): 1 (nā te porowhita p)
– Tau irahiko aukume (m_l): -1, 0, +1 (e toru ngā aronga o te porowhita p)
– Tau irahiko hurihuri (m_s): +1/2, -1/2 rānei (e rua ngā aronga hurihuri o ngā irahiko)
Mō te irahiko whakamutunga i roto i te 2p^4, ka whakakīia ngā irahiko e ai ki te ture a Hund, nō reira ka noho rātou ki tētahi o ngā aronga m_l. Hei tauira, mō te aronga m_l = 0, ko ngā tau irahiko ko:
– n = 2
– l = 1
– m_l = 0
– m_s = +1/2, -1/2 rānei (i runga i te takahuri irahiko)
Ripanga Āhuatanga o ngā Huānga
Tauira Pātai 3: Ngā Āhuatanga Āhuatanga o ngā Huānga
Pātai: Whakatauritea te rahi o ngā ngota konutai (Na) ki te chlorine (Cl) me te homai he take mō te rerekētanga o te rahi.
Kōrero:
Kei roto te konutai me te haurore i te wā kotahi (wā 3) engari i roto i ngā rōpū rerekē:
– Kei roto a Na i te rōpū 1
– Kei roto a Cl i te rōpū 17
Ka heke te rahi o te ngota (te pūtoro ngota) mai i te maui ki te matau puta noa i tētahi wā nā te mea ka hua ake te pikinga o te utu karihi (he nui ake ngā porotona) i te kaha ake o te kukume i ngā irahiko i roto i te anga kotahi. Mā tēnei ka kukumea ngā anga irahiko kia tata atu ki te karihi.
Nō reira, he nui ake te rahi o te ngota konutai (Na) i te rahi o te chlorine (Cl) nā te mea kei mua ake te wāhi o Na i roto i te wā. Arā, he nui ake te tawhiti o ngā irahiko valence o Na i te rahi o Cl, nō reira he nui ake te radius ngota o Na.
Tauira Pātai 4: Tau Waikura
Pātai: Whakatauhia te tau waikura o te huānga whanariki i roto i te H2SO4.
Kōrero:
Hei whakatau i te tau whakapūngao o te whanariki i roto i te waikawa whanariki (H₂SO₄), ka whai mātou i ngā ture mō te whakatau i ngā tau whakapūngao:
– Ko te tau waikura o te hauwai (H) he +1 te tikanga.
– Ko te tau waikura o te hāora (O) he -2 te tikanga.
Me kī tātou ko te tau whakapūngao o te whanariki i roto i te H₂SO₄ he x. Kātahi, e ai ki te ture, me ōrite te tapeke o ngā tau whakapūngao i roto i te kotahi ngota ki te tapeke o te utu o te ngota (ko te koretake he 0):
Te nui:
2(H) + 1(S) + 4(O) = 2(+1) + x + 4(-2) = 2 + x – 8 = 0
Te tatau i te x:
2 + x – 8 = 0
x – 6 = 0
x = +6
Nō reira, ko te tau waikura o te whanariki (S) i roto i te H₂SO₄ he +6.
Te Tauhohenga Matū
Tauira Pātai 5: Te Tauhohenga
Pātai: He aha i kaha ake ai te tauhohenga o te fluorine (F) i te chlorine (Cl)?
Kōrero:
Ka heke te kaha o te tauhohenga o ngā halogens (rōpū 17) i te pikinga o te tau ngota. He nui ake te tauhohenga o te fluorine i te chlorine mō ētahi take e pā ana ki te hanganga ngota:
1. Pūngao Whakakotahitanga:
He nui ake te pūngao ionization o te fluorine i te chlorine, arā, he māmā ake mā ngā ngota fluorine te kukume i ngā irahiko mai i ētahi atu ngota.
2. Hononga Irahiko:
He tino kaha te hononga irahiko o te pūhāorinī, arā, he māmā ake tana whiwhi irahiko i te pūhāorinī.
3. Rahi o te Atomika:
He iti ake te rahi ngota o te hauhā i te hauhā. He tata ake ngā irahiko valence i roto i te hauhā ki te karihi, nō reira he nui ake te kukume hiko-pūmau ki ngā irahiko hou.
Nō reira, mā ēnei āhuatanga e toru ka nui ake te kaha o te wheorine ki te taunekeneke me ētahi atu matū, ka nui ake tōna tauhohenga i te chlorine.
Whakamutunga
He mea nui te mārama ki te hanganga ngota me te ripanga ā-pūmotu o ngā huānga i roto i te matū. I roto i tēnei tuhinga, kua hipokina e mātou ngā tauira raruraru me ngā whakamārama taipitopito. Kei roto i ēnei ko ngā whirihoranga irahiko, ngā tau irahiko, ngā āhuatanga ā-pūmotu o ngā huānga, ngā tau waikura, me te tauhohenga matū. Mā te mārama pai ki ēnei ariā, ka taea e tātou te mārama ake ki ngā āhuatanga me te whanonga o ngā momo huānga o te ao whānui.
