Ngā Tauira Pātai e Matapaki ana i te Hītori o te Kitenga o te Karihi Atomika
He tohu nui te kitenga o te karihi ngota i roto i te hītori o te pūtaiao, i huri ai tō tātou māramatanga ki te hanganga o te matū. Ehara i te mea nā tēnei kaupapa i homai he māramatanga hou ki te hanganga o ngā ngota engari i whakatakoto hoki i te ara mō te whanaketanga o te ahupūngao me te matū hou. I roto i tēnei tuhinga, ka tūhuratia e tātou te hītori o te kitenga o te karihi ngota, ka arotake i ētahi whakamātautau nui, ka matapakihia hoki ētahi tauira raruraru hei whakahōhonu ake i tō tātou māramatanga ki tēnei kaupapa.
Te Hītori o te Kitenga o te Pūtake Atomika
He maha ngā wāhanga nui kua oti i te rangahau mō te hanganga ngota. I mua i te kitenga o te karihi ngota, ko te tauira ngota i tino whakaaetia ko te tauira "pūtini paramu" i whakatakotoria e J.J. Thomson i muri i tana kitenga i te irahiko i te tau 1897. I whakaarohia e tēnei tauira te ngota hei porowhita utu pai me ngā irahiko utu kino e marara ana i te taha, pērā i ngā karepe maroke i roto i te pūtini.
Heoi, i whakahēngia tēnei tauira, ā, i te mutunga ka whakakapia e te tauira karihi o te ngota nā ngā whakamātautau i whakahaerehia e Ernest Rutherford me ōna hoa mahi, a Hans Geiger rāua ko Ernest Marsden, i te tīmatanga o te rautau 20. E mōhiotia ana tēnei whakamātautau ko te whakamātautau marara a Rutherford, ko te whakamātautau pepa koura rānei.
Whakamātautau Rau Koura
I whakahaerehia tēnei whakamātautau i te tau 1909 i Te Whare Wānanga o Manchester. I roto i te whakamātautau, i tukuna e Rutherford me tana tīma ngā matūriki ārepa (he karihi heriuma) ki tētahi pepa koura angiangi. E mōhiotia ana he pai te utu o ngā matūriki ārepa, ā, he nui te papatipu. E ai ki te tauira "plum pudding" a Thomson, i whakaarohia ka puta ngā matūriki ārepa mā roto i te pepa koura me te iti, kāore rānei he piko nui.
Heoi, i whakaatu ngā hua o ngā whakamātautau i tētahi atu mea. Ahakoa i puta te nuinga o ngā matūriki ārepa mā roto i te pepa koura me te kore e piko, he iti noa iho i pikohia i ngā koki tino nui, ā, ko ētahi i peke atu ki te pūtake. Kāore i taea te whakamārama i tēnei kitenga e te tauira a Thomson.
Te Tauira Atomika a Rutherford
Mai i āna whakamātautau, i whakatau a Rutherford ko te nuinga o te papatipu o te ngota me ōna kawenga pai katoa i roto i tētahi rohe iti i waenganui o te ngota, e mōhiotia nei ko te karihi. I porowhita ngā irahiko utu kino i tēnei karihi, he rite tonu ki ngā aorangi e porowhita ana i te rā. Nā tēnei kitenga i whakarerekē te tauira, ā, i ārahi i ngā kaipūtaiao ki te mārama ehara i te mea he porowhita totoka engari he hanganga i hangaia te nuinga o te wāhi takoto kau me tētahi karihi totoka iti i waenganui.
Ngā Pātai Tauira me te Kōrero
Hei mārama ake i tēnei kitenga, me titiro tātou ki ētahi tauira raruraru e pā ana ki te hītori me ngā pānga o te kitenga o te karihi ngota.
Pātai 1:
Whakamāramahia te rerekētanga o te whakamātautau konumohe koura a Rutherford mai i te tauira "pūtini paramu" o te ngota i whakatakotoria e J.J. Thomson, me te tautoko a ngā hua i te tauira ngota a Rutherford.
Kōrero:
E whakaarohia ana e te tauira "pūtini paramu" te ngota hei porowhita utu pai me ngā irahiko kua tohatohahia kia ōrite puta noa. I roto i tēnei tauira, ko te matūriki ārepa kua pāngia e te pepa koura kaua e pāngia e te piko nui nā te mea e whakaponohia ana kua tohatohahia kia ōrite ngā utu pai me ngā utu kino puta noa i te ngota.
Heoi, i whakaatuhia e te whakamātautau pepa koura a Rutherford kāore e taea e ngā matūriki ārepa te haere noa i roto i te pepa koura, engari ka taea hoki te whakapiko i ngā koki nui, ā, ka whakaatahia anō hoki. I werohia e tēnei hua te tauira "pūtini paramu" me te tautoko i tētahi tauira he pokapū matotoru, he pai te utu o te ngota (te karihi). Ko te nuinga o ngā matūriki ārepa i haere i roto i te wāhi takoto kau o te ngota, engari i te wā i pā ai ki te karihi, ka tino whakapikohia, e whakamārama ana i ngā kitenga.
Pātai 2:
Mena i roto i te whakamātautau pepa koura, he iti te ōrau o ngā matūriki ārepa i peke whakamuri tata atu ki te pūtake, he aha i hiranga ai tēnei hua ki te tautoko i te kitenga o te karihi ngota?
Kōrero:
Ahakoa he iti noa te ōrau o ngā matūriki ārepa i whakaatahia, he mea nui tēnei hua. Nā te mea ko te tūponotanga o te pehanga, te whakaata rānei o tētahi matūriki ārepa ka taea anake mēnā ka tukinga tika ki tētahi mea tino nui, he pai te utu. Nā te mea he iti noa te ōrau o ngā matūriki i whakaatahia, e tohu ana tēnei he tino iti te matūriki nui ki te whakataurite ki te rahi whānui o te ngota, ā, e whakaatu ana ko te nuinga o te papatipu o te ngota kei roto i te karihi.
Pātai 3:
Whakaahuahia ngā pānga o te kitenga o te karihi ngota ki te whanaketanga o te pūtaiao, inā koa i roto i ngā mara o te ahupūngao me te matū.
Kōrero:
Nā te kitenga o te karihi ngota i whakatakoto te ara mō ngā whanaketanga atu i roto i te ahupūngao karihi me te matū matū. I homai he māramatanga pai ake mō te tauhohenga matū me te whirihoranga o ngā irahiko i roto i ngā ngota. I roto i te ahupūngao, i arahina tēnei ki te whanaketanga o ngā tauira ngota tika ake, ā, i ārahi a Niels Bohr ki te whakauru i te tauira Bohr o te ngota, i pai ake ai te whakamārama i ngā porowhita irahiko.
Hei tāpiri atu, nā te māramatanga ki te karihi ngota i kitea ai ngā isotopes, ngā tauhohenga karihi, me te hangarau pūngao karihi. He mea nui anō hoki te whakatauira karihi hei māramatanga ki ngā āhuatanga o te radioactivity me te pirau karihi, e whai pānga ana ki te rongoā, te taiao, me te hangarau.
Whakamutunga
Ko te kitenga o te karihi ngota he tohu nui i roto i te pūtaiao, ehara i te mea i āwhina noa i a tātou ki te mārama ki te hanganga taketake o te matū, engari i akiaki hoki i ngā auahatanga hangarau me ngā ariā e whai tikanga tonu ana i ēnei rā. Mā te ako i ngā kaupapa nui pēnei i te whakamātautau konumohe a Rutherford, ka kite tātou i te pana a te tūhuratanga pūtaiao i ngā rohe o te mātauranga, me te whakatakoto i te ara mō te māramatanga hohonu ake o tō tātou ao. Mā te ako mā roto i ngā raruraru e pā ana ka taea e ngā ākonga me ngā kaiako te whakapakari i ēnei ariā matua i roto i ngā horopaki hītori me te pūtaiao.
