Taitara: Tauira o ngā Pātai Kōrero mō ngā Urupare a ngā Tipu ki ngā Huringa ā-Roto
Pendahuluan
He wāhanga nui o te āhua o te tipu ngā urupare a ngā tipu ki ngā huringa o roto, e āwhina ana i a rātou kia ora, kia tipu, kia tupu pai. He puhoi ēnei urupare engari he mea nui mō te urutau mō te wā roa. Mā te mārama ki te urupare a ngā tipu ki ngā huringa o roto, ehara i te mea ka mārama ki te koiora tipu anake, engari he mea nui anō hoki ki ngā mahi ahuwhenua me te māra. I roto i tēnei tuhinga, ka matapakihia e mātou ētahi tauira raruraru me ngā kōrero e pā ana ki tēnei kaupapa hei whakarato i tētahi māramatanga pai ake.
Tauira Pātai 1: Te Whakahaere Hormone
Pātai: Whakamāramahia te mahi a te homoni auxin i roto i te tukanga o te tropism i roto i ngā tipu.
Kōrero:
Ko te auxin tētahi o ngā homoni tipu tino nui, ā, e whai wāhi ana ki ngā tukanga tipu me te whanaketanga o ngā tipu. I roto i te horopaki o te tropism, ka mahi te auxin hei takawaenga mō ngā urupare ki ngā whakaohooho taiao pērā i te mārama (phototropism) me te kaha ā-papa (gravitropism).
Ko te whakaahua-whakaahua te nekehanga tipu o ngā tipu e pāngia ana e te mārama. Ina pāngia tētahi wāhanga tipu, pērā i te wana, e te mārama mai i tētahi taha, ka kore e ōrite te tohatoha o te auxin. He nui ake te kukū o te auxin i te taha kāore i te tino pāngia e te mārama. Ka whakaoho te auxin i te roa o te pūtau, ka tere ake te tipu o te taha marumaru i te taha e mārama ana, ka piko te tipu ki te pūtake mārama.
Ko te kaha o te taumaha he tauhohenga tipu hei whakautu ki te kaha ā-papatipu. I roto i te kaha ā-papatipu pai, ka tipu ake ngā pakiaka o te tipu ki raro, i te kaha ā-papatipu kino ia, ka tipu ake ngā wana ki runga. Ko te mahi a te auxin i roto i te kaha ā-papatipu ko te tohatoha anō i tēnei homoni nā te kaha ā-papatipu, ka puta ai ngā rerekētanga o ngā taumata auxin e pā ana ki ngā tauira tipu o te pūtau.
Tauira Pātai 2: Te Whakahaere i te Stomatal
Pātai: Me pēhea te whakahaere a te tikanga whakahaere o te stomata i te whai huatanga o te whakamahinga wai i roto i ngā tipu?
Kōrero:
He pūwero ririki ngā stomata kei runga i ngā mata o ngā rau me ngā kakau e whai wāhi ana ki te whakawhiti hau me te whakahaere i te ngaronga wai, te whakawhiti wai rānei. Ko te whakatuwheratanga me te katinga o ngā stomata e whakahaerehia ana e ngā pūtau tiaki e aro ana ki ngā huringa o ngā āhuatanga o roto me waho.
He mea nui te kaha o ngā tipu ki te whakanui ake i te pai o te whakamahinga wai hei oranga mō te tauraki. Ka aro atu ngā pūtau tiaki stomatal ki te tohu homoni o te waikawa abscisic (ABA), e puta ana i te wā e pāngia ana ngā tipu e te ahotea wai. Ina maroke ngā tipu, ka piki ake ngā taumata ABA, ka kati ngā stomatal hei whakaiti i te ngaronga wai mā te whakawhiti wai.
Kei roto hoki i tēnei ko te rere o ngā iona pāhare pākawa (K+) ki roto, ki waho hoki i ngā pūtau tiaki, e whakahaere ana i tō rātou turgor, i tō rātou pakari rānei. I te wehenga atu o ngā iona K+ i ngā pūtau tiaki, ka rere atu hoki te wai (osmosis), ka kati ai ngā stomata. Mā tēnei, ka taea e ngā tipu te whakarerekē i te transpiration kia pai ai te whakamahinga o te wai i runga anō i ngā āhuatanga o roto me te taiao.
Tauira Pātai 3: Te Whakaahua-wā
Pātai: Matapakihia te tūranga o te wā-whakaahua i roto i te huringa ora o ngā tipu puāwai.
Kōrero:
Ko te wā-whakaahua te urupare a ngā tipu ki te roa o te ao me te pō, e pā ana ki ngā tukanga ā-tinana, tae atu ki te pua. Ka taea te whakarōpū i ngā tipu ki ngā wāhanga matua e toru i runga i tā rātou urupare wā-whakaahua: ngā tipu rā-poto, ngā tipu rā-roa, me ngā tipu kore-awatea.
Ko ngā tipu poto te rā, me roa ake ngā pō hei tīmatanga o te pua. Mēnā ka haukotia te pō e te mārama, ka āraia te pua. Hei tauira, ko ngā chrysanthemum me ngā poinsettia. I tua atu, ko ngā tipu roa te rā, pērā i te pīnihi me te witi, me roa ake ngā rā hei puāwai. Mō ngā tipu kore-rā, kāore te pua e whakawhirinaki ana ki te roa o te rā, engari ka pāngia e ētahi atu āhuatanga pērā i te pāmahana.
He mahi nui tā ngā kaiwhakawhiwhi whakaahua e kiia nei ko ngā phytochrome i roto i te tikanga o te photoperiodism. Ka taea e ngā phytochrome te kite i ngā huringa o te roa o te pō, me te whakaoho i ngā ara tohu e awe ana i te whakaaturanga o ngā ira e pā ana ki te pua. Nō reira, mā te photoperiodism ka taea e ngā tipu te tukutahi i ā rātou huringa whakaputa uri me ngā wā tino pai.
Tauira Pātai 4: Ngā Rīwai ā-Rohe
Pātai: He aha te manawataki circadian i roto i ngā tipu, ā, he aha te pānga o tēnei manawataki ki ngā mahi o ia rā a ngā tipu?
Kōrero:
Ko te manawataki porohita he huringa koiora e 24 hāora te roa e whakahaerehia ana e te "karaka koiora" ā-roto, ā, e awehia ana e ngā āhuatanga taiao pēnei i te mārama me te pāmahana. I roto i ngā tipu, ka whakahaerehia e tēnei manawataki ngā tukanga ā-tinana, tae atu ki te whakaahua-mai, te whakatuwheratanga o te stoma, me te tipu o te pūtau.
Ko tētahi tauira mārama o te manawataki circadian ko te whakatuwheratanga me te katinga o ngā rau. He maha ngā tipu e whakaatu ana i ngā nekehanga rau manawataki, e whakatuwhera ana i te awatea, e katinga ana i te pō. Ka āwhina tēnei manawataki ki te arotau i te photosynthesis me te whakaiti i te transwaption ina kore e pai ngā āhuatanga.
Ka whakatauhia ngā manawataki porowhita e ngā ture ira me ngā ture ngota e mōhiotia ana ko ngā oscillator circadian. Ka whakahaeretia e ēnei oscillator te karaka porowhita, ā, ka whakahaeretia te whakaaturanga o ngā ira o raro e whakahaere ana i ngā mahi o ia rā. Nō reira, ka taea e ngā manawataki porowhita te whakarerekē i ō rātou āhua tinana me ō rātou whanonga kia rite ki ngā huringa o ia rā o tō rātou taiao.
Whakamutunga
Mā te mārama ki te urupare a ngā tipu ki ngā huringa ā-roto ka kitea he māramatanga nui ki te koiora me te rauropi tipu. Mā te whakahaere i ngā homoni, ngā tikanga o te stomatal, te photoperiodism, me ngā manawataki circadian, ka whakaatuhia e ngā tipu he urutau whakamiharo hei ora i ngā huringa taiao. Mā te ako i ēnei urupare ā-roto ka taea hoki te āwhina i te whakawhanake i ngā mahi ahuwhenua me te māra e whai hua ake ana, e pumau ake ana hoki, nō reira he mea nui kia haere tonu te tūhura i tēnei wāhanga.
