Ngā Tauira Pātai me te Kōrero mō ngā Tauhohenga Pōuri
Ko ngā tauhohenga pōuri, e mōhiotia ana ko te huringa Calvin, ko ngā wāhanga o te whakaahua-whakaahua e puta ana i muri i ngā tauhohenga mārama. I roto i ēnei tauhohenga, ka hurihia te hauhā waro hei hukahuka mā te whakamahi i te ATP me te NADPH i hangaia i roto i ngā tauhohenga mārama. He mea nui te mārama ki ngā tauhohenga pōuri mō ngā ākonga koiora, inā koa ko te hunga e ako ana i te whakaahua-whakaahua. I roto i tēnei tuhinga, ka hipokina e mātou ētahi tauira raruraru me te matapaki i ngā tauhohenga pōuri.
Pendahuluan
Ka puta te huringa Calvin i roto i te stroma o te chloroplast, ā, he maha ngā mahi matua e whai wāhi ana. Ko te ingoa o tēnei tukanga ko te huringa Calvin i muri i te kaipūtaiao a Melvin Calvin, nāna i whakaahua te tikanga. Ko ngā mahi matua o te huringa Calvin ko te whakapūmau waro, te whakaiti, me te whakaora i te ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP). Anei tētahi tirohanga poto mō ia mahi:
1. Te Whakapūmau Waro: Ko te wāhanga e herea ai te hauhā waro e te RuBP mā te āwhina o te whākōkī rubisco, ka puta ai he pūhui takawaenga.
2. Whakaiti: Ka whakaitihia ngā matū i hangaia mai i te whakapiri waro ki te glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P). Ka whakamahia e tēnei tukanga te ATP me te NADPH.
3. Te whakahoutanga o te RuBP: Ka whakamahia ētahi ngota G3P hei hanga i te hukahuka, ko ētahi hei whakaora anō i te RuBP.
Ngā Pātai Tauira me te Kōrero
Hei mārama ake ki te huringa Calvin, me titiro tātou ki ētahi tauira o ngā pātai e puta pinepine ana i ngā whakamātautau me ā rātou matapakinga.
Tauira Pātai 1
Pātai:
He aha te tūranga o te ATP me te NADPH i roto i ngā tauhohenga pōuri o te whakaahua matihiko, ā, me pēhea te whakaputanga mai i ngā tauhohenga mārama?
Kōrero:
I roto i ngā tauhohenga pōuri, ka mahi a ATP me NADPH hei pūtake pūngao me ngā matū whakaiti e whakamahia ana hei huri i te hauhā waro ki te hukahuka. Ka whakaratohia e te ATP te pūngao kore utu mō te tauhohenga matū, ko te NADPH ia ka whakarato i ngā irahiko e hiahiatia ana mō te whakaiti.
Ka puta ēnei ngota e rua i te wā o ngā tauhohenga mārama o te photosynthesis, e puta ana i roto i ngā thylakoids o ngā chloroplasts. I roto i ngā tauhohenga mārama, ka mimitihia te mārama e te chlorophyll, ka tīmata te wehenga o te wai hei hāora, hei porotona, hei irahiko. Ka haere ngā irahiko kua wetekina i roto i te mekameka kawe irahiko, ka whakaiti i te NADP+ ki te NADPH, ā, ka hanga ATP mā te photophosphorylation.
Tauira Pātai 2
Pātai:
Whakaahuahia ngā wāhanga o te whakapiri waro i roto i te huringa Calvin me ngā whākōkī matua e whai wāhi ana ki tēnei tukanga.
Kōrero:
Ko te whakapūmau waro te taahiraa tuatahi o te huringa Calvin, e tangohia ai te hauhā waro mai i te āhuarangi ka honoa ki te RuBP (ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate) hei hanga i tētahi matū waro-ono kāore i te pumau. Ka pakaru tonu tēnei matū ki ngā ngota e rua o te 3-phosphoglycerate (3-PGA).
Ko te whākōkī e tino whai wāhi ana ki tēnei tukanga ko te ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase, e kiia ana ko te rubisco. Ko Rubisco tētahi o ngā whākōkī tino nui o te Ao, i runga i tōna tūranga nui i roto i ngā tukanga whakahaere waro o te ao.
Tauira Pātai 3
Pātai:
E hia ngā ngota ATP me NADPH e hiahiatia ana hei whakaputa i te kotahi ngota hukahuka mā te huringa Calvin?
Kōrero:
Hei whakaputa i te kotahi ngota hukahuka (C6H12O6), me ono ngā wā ka puta te huringa Calvin nā te mea kotahi anake te ngota waro hou ka tukuna e ia huringa ki te anga waro waro. I roto i ia huringa Calvin, ko te whakau me te whakaiti i te kotahi ngota ngota o te 3-PGA ki te kotahi ngota o te glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) me hiahia kia 3 ATP me 2 NADPH.
Nō reira, hei whakaputa i te kotahi ngota hukahuka, e 18 ngā ngota ATP me te 12 ngā ngota NADPH e hiahiatia ana (3 ATP me te 2 NADPH mō ia huringa whakareatia ki te 6 huringa).
Tauira Pātai 4
Pātai:
He aha ngā mea ka pā ki ngā ngota G3P i hangaia i te huringa Calvin, ā, he aha te mahi a te G3P ki te hanga hukahuka?
Kōrero:
I roto i te huringa Calvin, ka whakamahia ētahi o ngā ngota G3P e whakaputaina ana hei hanga anō i te RuBP, kia haere tonu ai te huringa. Heoi, ka whakamahia ētahi G3P hei matū mua mō te hanga o te hukahuka me ētahi atu warowaihā.
I te nuinga o te wā, mō ia ono ngota G3P ka puta, e rima ka whakamahia hei whakaora i ngā ngota RuBP e toru, i te mea ka puta tetahi ngota G3P i te huringa hei whai wāhi ki te hanga hukahuka me ētahi atu koiora ngota pēnei i te māngaro me te cellulose. Mā te ara hanga koiora i roto i te stroma, ka honoa ngā ngota G3P e rua hei hanga i tetahi ngota hukahuka, hukahuka rānei.
Tauira Pātai 5
Pātai:
He aha i kiia ai ngā tauhohenga pōuri he huringa, ā, he aha te hiranga o ēnei ki te tukanga o te whakaahua-atamai?
Kōrero:
Ka kiia ngā tauhohenga pōuri ko te huringa Calvin nā te mea i te mutunga o te raupapa tauhohenga, ka whakahoutia te RuBP i whakamahia i te whakapiri waro tuatahi kia taea ai te whakamahi anō i te huringa e whai ake nei. He mea nui te kaha ki te whakahou i te RuBP nā te mea ka taea e ngā tipu te mahi i ngā tauhohenga whakapiri waro i ngā wā katoa, ka tukatuka i te hauhā waro hei mea rauropi.
Ko te hiranga o te huringa Calvin i roto i te photosynthesis ko tana āheinga ki te hopu pai i te hauhā waro, ka huri hei momo pūngao matū ka taea te whakamahi e ngā tipu me ētahi atu rauropi hei wahie, hei matū mua hoki mō te hanganga o ētahi atu ngota rauropi. Ko te haere tonu o tēnei huringa he mea nui ki te tautoko i te pūnaha rauropi o te ao nā te mea ka whakaratohia te hukahuka, he mea nui mō te ora.
Whakamutunga
He wāhanga nui ngā tauhohenga pōuri o te photosynthesis ki te mārama ki te hurihanga o te pūngao o te rā ki te pūngao matū whai hua, me te penapena i tēnei pūngao hei whakamahi i roto i ngā tukanga koiora. Mā te mārama ki ngā tukanga o te whakapiri waro, te whakaiti, me te whakaora anō i te RuBP i roto i te huringa Calvin, ka taea e tātou te mārama ki te hiranga o te photosynthesis i roto i tō tātou pūnaha rauropi me te tautoko i te ora i runga i te Ao. Ko te tumanako ka āwhina ēnei tauira pātai me ngā otinga i ngā kaipānui ki te whakarite mō te whakamātautau, me te whakahōhonu ake i tō rātou māramatanga ki tēnei tukanga whakamiharo.
