Ngā Pātai Tauira me te Kōrero mō te Polymer
I. Kupu Whakataki
He matū ngā pūmua he nui ngā hanganga ngota ngota e titoa ana i ngā waeine iti e kīia ana ko ngā monomera. Ka kitea ngā pūmua i roto i ngā āhua rerekē, ā, e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā āhuatanga maha o te oranga o ia rā, mai i ngā kirihou me te rapa ki ngā pūmua me te DNA i roto i te tinana o te tangata. I roto i tēnei tuhinga, ka tūhuratia e mātou ētahi tauira raruraru e pā ana ki ngā pūmua, ā, ka whakaratohia he otinga mō ia raruraru hei āwhina i te mārama ki tēnei ariā uaua.
II. Ngā Ariā Taketake o ngā Pūmua
I mua i te urunga atu ki te matapaki i ngā pātai, he maha ngā ariā matua me mārama:
1. Ngā Monomer me te Polymerization: Ko ngā Monomer ngā waeine taketake e hanga ana i ngā polymer mā te tukanga polymerization. E rua ngā momo matua o te polymerization: te tāpiri me te condensation.
2. Hanganga Pūmua: Ka taea e ngā pūmua te whai kiko, te whai peka, te whai hononga rānei.
3. Ngā Momo Pūmua: Ngā kirihou wera, ngā huinga wera, me ngā elastomer, he rerekē ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana me te āhua wera o ia mea.
III. Ngā Tauira Pātai me te Kōrero
Pātai 1: Whakamāramahia te rerekētanga i waenga i te tāpiritanga me te whakapūpūtanga, me te homai i tētahi tauira o ia mea.
Kōrero:
– Te whakapūhui tāpiri: He tukanga e honoa ai ngā monomer kei roto ngā hononga takirua tetahi ki tetahi, me te kore e hanga he ngota iti. Hei tauira, ko te hanganga o te polyethylene mai i ngā monomer ethylene.
– Te whakapūhuitanga whakapūhui: He tukanga e honoa ai ngā monomer mā te tango i tētahi ngota iti pērā i te wai, i te methanol rānei. Ko tētahi tauira o te whakapūhuitanga whakapūhui ko te hanganga o te nairona mai i te waikawa adipic me te hexamethylenediamine, ko te wai te ngota iti e tangohia ana.
Pātai 2: He aha ngā pūmua kirihou wera me ngā pūmua huinga wera? Homai ngā tauira.
Kōrero:
– Ngā pūmua kirihou wera: Ngā pūmua ka ngawari ina werahia, ka whakapakeke ina whakamataohia. Mā tēnei ka taea te hanga anō i ngā āhua maha. Hei tauira, ko te polyethylene, te polystyrene, me te PVC.
– Ngā pūmua whakamahana: Ko ngā pūmua, ina oti te hanga, kāore e taea te whakarewa anō. Nā te noho mai o ngā hononga honohono tuturu. Ko ētahi tauira ko te Bakelite me te epoxy.
Pātai 3: He mekameka waro matua tika tō te pūmua me ngā whakakapinga ngota haurehu i ia mekameka waro tuarua. Tāutuhia te pūmua, ā, whakamāramahia te whakataurite o ōna āhuatanga ā-tinana ki ērā o te polyethylene.
Kōrero:
Ko te pūhui e whakaahuatia ana ko te polyvinyl chloride (PVC). He mea hanga te PVC mai i te vinyl chloride, ā, mā ngā matū whakakapinga chlorine ka pakari ake, ka ātete ake hoki ki ngā hinu me ngā matū i te polyethylene. Nā tēnei anō hoki ka ātete ake te PVC i te mura me te taumaha ake i te polyethylene nā te taumaha ake o ngā ngota chlorine.
Pātai 4: Ka taea e ngā pūmua taiao pērā i te rapa (ngā elastomer) te whakamomona. Whakamāramahia te tukanga whakamomona me tōna pānga ki ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana o te rapa.
Kōrero:
Ko te whakamomona te tukanga whakamahana i te rapa ki te whanariki. Mā tēnei ka puta he hononga whakawhiti i waenga i ngā mekameka pūmua, ka nui ake te pīngore o te rapa, ka kaha ake, ka ātete hoki ki ngā huringa pāmahana. Mā tēnei tukanga ka nui ake te ātete ki te pakū me te kakahu, ka roa ake te rapa mō ngā mahi ahumahi pēnei i ngā potae waka.
Pātai 5: Tātaihia te maha o ngā waeine tāruarua (te nekehanga o te polymerization) mō te polyethylene me te taumaha ngota toharite o te 28.000 g/mol. Ko te papatipu ngota o te ethylene monomer he 28 g/mol.
Kōrero:
Ka taea te tatau i te taumata o te polymerization (n) mā te whakamahi i te tātai:
\[ n = \frac{\text{Taumaha ngota o te pūmua}}{\text{Taumaha ngota o te monomer}} \]
\[ n = \frac{28000 \, \text{g/mol}}{28 \, \text{g/mol}} = 1000 \]
Nō reira, e 1000 pea ngā waeine tāruarua o te pūmua.
IV. Whakamutunga
Ka taea e ngā kōrero mō ngā pūmua te kapi i te whānuitanga o ngā kaupapa, mai i tōna hanganga taketake me ōna momo tae atu ki ōna āhuatanga ā-tinana, ā-matū hoki me āna whakamahinga i roto i te oranga o ia rā. Mā roto i ngā pātai me ngā kōrero, ka taea te whakatau ko ngā pūmua he matū matatini e whai wāhi nui ana ki ngā momo ahumahi me te koiora. Mā te mārama hohonu ki ōna āhuatanga me ngā tukanga hanganga, ka taea e tātou te mārama ake me pēhea te whakapai ake i tōna whakamahinga i roto i ngā momo tono hangarau me te pūtaiao. Kei te noho tonu ngā pūmua hei wāhanga rangahau kaha mō te whakawhanake i ngā rauemi pai ake, ā, he pai ake hoki mō te taiao.
