Ngā Tauira Pātai e Matapaki ana i te Tukunga Iho o ngā Āhuatanga
Ko te tuku iho tētahi o ngā kaupapa tino whakamīharo i roto i te ira tangata, e ako ana i te tuku iho o ētahi āhuatanga mai i tētahi whakatipuranga ki tētahi whakatipuranga. Mā te mārama ki te tuku iho ka āwhina i a tātou ki te mārama ki ngā tukanga koiora e pā ana ki te rerekētanga o ngā mea ora. I roto i tēnei tuhinga, ka matapakihia e tātou ētahi tauira raruraru e pā ana ki te tuku iho, me te matapaki i ngā otinga mō ēnei.
He Kupu Whakataki ki te Tuku Iho o ngā Āhuatanga
I mua i te urunga atu ki ngā tauira pātai, me matapaki poto tātou i te ariā taketake o te tukunga iho. He hononga tata te tukunga iho ki te DNA, ngā ira, me ngā chromosomes. Ko ngā ira ngā waeine taketake o te tukunga iho e whakahaere ana i ngā āhuatanga rerekē o ngā mea ora. Ka riro i ngā mea ora ngā ira mai i ō rātou mātua, ka whiwhi te haurua mai i tō rātou pāpā, te haurua mai i tō rātou whaea.
I kitea e Gregor Mendel, e kiia ana ko ia te matua o te ira, ngā mātāpono taketake o te tukunga iho mā te ako i ngā pī. Ko ngā ture rongonui a Mendel ko te Ture Wehewehe me te Ture Whakarōpū Motuhake, e whakamārama ana i te wehewehe me te whakarite o ngā ira i te wā o te hanganga gamete.
Ngā Pātai Tauira me te Kōrero
Hei mārama ake ki te tukunga iho o ngā āhuatanga, me titiro tātou ki ētahi tauira pātai me ngā matapakinga mō aua pātai.
Pātai 1: Te Tuku Iho Kotahi-Ranu
Pātai:
Ka whakawhitia he tipu pua papura (matua) ki tētahi tipu pua mā (whakaheke). Ko te ira "U" te tohu mō te putiputi papura matua, ā, ko te ira "u" te tohu mō te putiputi mā. Mena he heterozygous te tipu papura, he aha te āhua me te ira momo o te uri?
Kōrero:
1. Te Tāutu ira-ira:
– Ko ngā tipu putiputi papura (heterozygous) kei a rātou te iraira “Uu”.
– Ko te momoira “uu” kei ngā tipu putiputi mā.
2. Te whakawhiti uri:
Ka whakamahia e mātou te ripanga Punnett hei whakatau i ngā momoira pea o te uri.
| koe | koe |
|——|—-|—-|
| U | Uu | Uu |
| u | ū | ū |
3. Ngā Hua o te Ira-ira:
– 50% Uu (puawai papura)
– 50% uu (ngā putiputi mā)
4. Ngā Hua o te Āhuatanga:
– 50% o ngā uri he papura te āhua
– 50% o ngā uri he mā te āhua
Nō reira, ina whakawhitia he tipu puawai papura heterozygous ki tētahi tipu puawai mā, ka 1:1 te ōwehenga āhuatanga o te uri o te puawai papura ki te puawai mā.
Pātai 2: Te Tuku Iho o te Ira-rua
Pātai:
I roto i ngā tipu pī, ko te āhua porowhita o te kākano (R) te mea matua ki ngā kākano miro (r) ā, ko te tae kōwhai o te kākano (Y) te mea matua ki te kākāriki (y). Mēnā ka whakawhitia he tipu me te iraira RrYy ki tētahi tipu he iraira ōrite, he aha te ōwehenga iraira o ngā uri ka puta?
Kōrero:
1. Te Tāutu ira-ira:
– Kei ngā tipu e rua te iraira RrYy.
2. Te Whakawhiti mā te whakamahi i te Ripanga Punnett:
E pā ana te whakawhiti i runga ake nei ki ngā āhuatanga e rua, nō reira me hanga e tātou he ripanga Punnett ka taea e ia tipu te whakaputa i ngā huinga gamete e whai ake nei: RY, Ry, rY, ry.
3. Te Hanganga o te Ripanga Punnett:
| | RY | Ry | rY | ry |
|——-|——|——|——|——|——|
| RY | RRY | RRY | Rry | Rry |
| Rī | Rī | Rī | Rī | Rī |
| rY | RrY | Rry | rY | rry |
| rie | rie | rie | rie | rie
4. Ngā Hua o te Āhuatanga:
I runga i te ripanga i runga ake nei, ka taea e tātou te tatau i te ōwehenga āhuahanga:
– 9/16 ngā kākano porowhita kōwhai (RRYY, RRYy, RrYY, RrYy)
– 3/16 kākano porowhita matomato (RRyy, Rryy)
– 3/16 ngā kākano kōwhai miro (rrYY, rrYy)
– 1/16 o ngā kākano kakariki miro (rryy)
Ko te ōwehenga āhuahanga o te whakawhiti RrYy x RrYy he 9:3:3:1.
Pātai 3: Te Tuku Iho mā roto i ngā Take Ira Tangata
Pātai:
Ko te matapo tae (matapo tae) he āhuatanga whakaheke e hono ana ki te ira X. Mena he kawe te whaea i te matapo tae (X^NX^n) ā, he noa te pāpā (X^NY), e hia ōrau o ā rātou tama ka matapo tae pea?
Kōrero:
1. Te Tāutu ira-ira:
– Ko te whaea te kaikawe o (X^NX^n).
– Matua noa (X^NY).
2. Te whakawhiti uri:
\[ \text{ Ko ngā huinga pea koia ēnei:} \]
– Ngā Kōtiro: X^NX^N (noa) X^NX^n rānei (kaikawe)
– Tama: X^NY (noa) X^nY rānei (matapo tae)
3. Ngā Hua:
– Ngā tama: 50% noa, 50% matapo tae.
– Ngā Kōtiro: 50% noa, 50% he hunga kawe i te mate.
Nō reira, e 50% te tūponotanga o ngā tama ki te matapo tae.
Whakamutunga
Mā tēnei matapakinga mō ngā take tuku iho ka mārama ake ai tātou ki te tukunga o ngā ira mai i ngā mātua ki ngā uri, me te āhua o te rerekētanga ira. Ehara i te mea he mea nui noa iho tēnei mō te mārama ki te koiora taketake, engari he tono mahi anō hoki ki te ahuwhenua, ki te rongoā, me te hangarau koiora. Mā te mahi me te mārama ki ngā mātāpono taketake o te ira, ka taea e tātou te matapae pai ake i ngā putanga o ngā momo whakawhiti ira me te mārama ki ngā āhuatanga uaua o te ora e karapoti nei i a tātou.
