Ngā Tauira Pātai e Matapaki ana i te Whanaketanga o te Ariā o te Whanaketanga
Pendahuluan
Ko te ariā o te whanaketanga tētahi o ngā ariā pūtaiao tino nui hei mārama ki ngā takenga mai me te whanaketanga o te ora i runga i te Ao. Mai i tōna whakaurunga mai e Charles Darwin i te rautau 19, kua maha ngā whanaketanga me ngā whakatikatika kua pā ki te ariā. I roto i tēnei tuhinga, ka matapakihia e mātou ngā tauira pātai me ngā kōrero e pā ana ki te whanaketanga o te ariā o te whanaketanga, tae atu ki ngā ariā taketake, ngā tino tangata, me ngā kitenga e tautoko ana i te ariā.
1. Ngā Ariā Taketake o te Ariā o te Whanaketanga
Ko te ariā o te whanaketanga e whakamārama ana i te āhua o te hurihanga o ngā momo i roto i te wā mā roto i ngā tikanga o te kōwhiringa taiao, te rerekētanga ira, te whakarerekētanga ira, te hekenga, me te urutau. Ko tētahi o ngā ariā matua o tēnei ariā ko te "oranga o te mea tino pai," e whakaahua ana i te āhua o te hunga takitahi he pai ake ō rātou āhuatanga ki tō rātou taiao ka nui ake ā rātou uri.
Pātai: Whakamāramahia te ariā o te kōwhiringa taiao me tōna whai wāhi ki te whanaketanga o ngā momo.
Kōrero: Ko te kōwhiringa taiao te tukanga e ora ai, e whakaputa uri ai ngā tāngata whai āhuatanga pai ake i ngā tāngata kāore i te tino pai ki tō rātou taiao. Ko te hua o tēnei he panoni haere i te auau o ētahi āhuatanga i roto i tētahi taupori i roto i ngā whakatipuranga. Hei tauira, i roto i tētahi kāinga he maha ngā kaipahua, ka roa ake te ora o ngā kararehe he pai ake te huna i ō rātou āhua nā te mea he uaua ake te kite, nō reira, he nui ake te tūponotanga ka whakaputa uri rātou, ka tuku iho hoki i aua āhuatanga ki ā rātou uri.
2. Charles Darwin rāua ko Alfred Russel Wallace
Ko Charles Darwin rāua ko Alfred Russel Wallace ngā kaipūtaiao i whakawhanake takitahi i te ariā o te whanaketanga mā te kōwhiringa taiao. Ahakoa e mōhiotia whānuitia ana a Darwin mō tana mahi i runga i te "On the Origin of Species", i whai wāhi nui anō hoki a Wallace i te whanaketanga tōmua o te ariā.
Pātai: He aha ngā rerekētanga matua i waenga i ngā tirohanga a Darwin rāua ko Wallace mō te whanaketanga?
Kōrero: Ko tētahi o ngā rerekētanga matua i waenga i ngā tirohanga a Darwin rāua ko Wallace ko tā rāua whakaae ki ngā tikanga whanaketanga. I whakanui ake a Darwin i te kōwhiringa taiao hei tikanga matua mō te whanaketanga, i te wā i whakaarohia ai e Wallace ētahi atu awe pēnei i te kōwhiringa ira tangata me te urutau tika ki te taiao. I tua atu, i pātai a Wallace ki te whānuitanga o te kōwhiringa taiao e taea ai te whakamārama i te āhua o te tangata, tae atu ki ngā pūkenga hinengaro me te wairua.
3. Ngā Taunakitanga o te Whanaketanga
He nui ngā taunakitanga pūtaiao e tautoko ana i te ariā o te whanaketanga, tae atu ki ngā tuhinga o ngā kōiwi tawhito, te tohatoha whenua o ngā momo, me te tātaritanga DNA. Hei tauira, e whakaatu ana ngā tuhinga kōiwi tawhito i ngā huringa āta haere o te āhua me te hanganga o ngā mea ora i roto i te wā.
Pātai: E tautoko ana ngā tuhinga tawhito i te ariā o te whanaketanga?
Kōrero: Mā ngā tuhinga o ngā kōiwi tawhito ka kitea ngā taunakitanga tika mō te oranga o mua, ā, ka kitea hoki te rerekētanga o ngā āhua o te ora i roto i te wā. Ko ngā kōiwi tawhito hei tuhinga ā-tinana mō ngā rauropi kua ngaro, e whakaatu ana i ngā nekehanga āta haere o te hanganga tinana, me te whakaatu hoki i te whakapapa o ngā momo e ora ana i ēnei rā. Hei tauira, ko ngā kōiwi tawhito o te nekehanga mai i te ika ki te amphibian e whakaatu ana i te huringa āta haere mai i te oranga moana ki te oranga noho whenua, e tautoko ana i te whakaaro ka taea e ngā momo te huri i roto i te wā me ngā āhuatanga o te taiao.
4. Te Whanaketanga o te Ariā o te Whanaketanga i te rautau 20 me te 21
I te whanaketanga o te pūtaiao, kua maha ngā whakatikatika kua mahia mō te ariā o te whanaketanga. Nā te kitenga o te ira me te DNA kua kitea he māramatanga hohonu ake mō te āhua o te huringa i te taumata ngota.
Pātai: Me pēhea te whakapakari a ngā kitenga ira i te ariā o te whanaketanga?
Kōrero: Ko te kitenga o te ira, inā koa te hanganga o te DNA e James Watson rāua ko Francis Crick, i whakarato i te pūtake ngota mō te ariā o te whanaketanga. Mā te mārama ki te āhua o te tukunga iho o ngā ira me te whakarerekētanga o ngā ira, ka taea e ngā kaipūtaiao te whakamārama i ngā tikanga e pā ana ki te rerekētanga o ngā taupori me te āhua o te pai o ētahi āhuatanga ki te kōwhiringa taiao. Ko te rerekētanga ira e hua mai ana i te whakarerekētanga, te whakakotahitanga, me te nekenekehanga ira ka whakamārama anō hoki i te āhua o te urutau o ngā taupori ki ngā huringa taiao i roto i te wā.
5. Te Whakahē me te Whakamāoritanga Hē
Ahakoa te tautokona e ngā taunakitanga pūtaiao kaha, he maha ngā wā ka hē te mārama me te whakahē i te ariā o te whanaketanga, mai i te tirohanga pūtaiao me te tirohanga whakapono.
Pātai: He aha tētahi hē e pā ana ki te ariā o te whanaketanga o ngā mea ora, ā, me pēhea te whakatika?
Kōrero: Ko tētahi whakaaro hē e pā ana ki te ariā o te whanaketanga ko te whakaaro i ahu mai te tangata i ngā makimaki o ēnei rā. E kī ana te ariā whanaketanga he tūpuna kotahi tā te tangata me ētahi atu kararehe i ora i ngā miriona tau ki muri. Nō reira, kāore te tangata i "whanake mai i ngā makimaki" engari he whakapapa kotahi tā rātou. Hei whakamārama i tēnei whakaaro hē, he mea nui kia whakanuia ko te whanaketanga he tukanga e whakaatu ana i te huringa o te taupori i roto i te wā, ā, kāore e whakaahua i tētahi tukanga kotahi-ara mai i tētahi momo ki tētahi atu.
Whakamutunga
Ko te ariā o te whanaketanga he anga pūtaiao whānui hei mārama ki ngā huringa o te ora i runga i te Ao. Mā te kōwhiringa taiao, te whakarerekētanga ira, me ngā momo tikanga rerekē, ka whanake, ka urutau hoki ngā momo ki ngā taiao e huri haere ana. Ahakoa ngā whakahē me ngā whakaaro hē, kei te tautoko tonu ngā taunakitanga mai i ngā momo marautanga pūtaiao i tēnei ariā. Mā te mārama ki te whanaketanga o te ariā whanaketanga me ngā takoha a ngā kaipūtaiao, ka taea e tātou te mārama ake ki te uaua o te ora me ngā tukanga taiao e hanga ana i ngā mea ora i runga i tēnei ao.
