Ngā Tauira Pātai e Matapaki ana i te Whakatō me te Whakatō purapura
Ko te whakamomona me te horapa o ngā purapura he tukanga nui e rua i roto i te huringa ora o ngā tipu pua. Mā ēnei tukanga ka taea e ngā tipu te whakaputa uri me te horapa ki ngā wāhi hou. Ko te mārama ki te āhua o te whakamomona me te horapa o ngā purapura he wāhanga nui o te ako koiora. Ka whakaratohia e tēnei tuhinga he whakamārama hōhonu mō ēnei tukanga e rua, me ētahi tauira raruraru hei whakahōhonu ake i tō māramatanga.
Te Whakatōtika i roto i ngā Tipu
Ko te whakatōnga ko te tukanga whakakotahi i ngā pūtau tāne me ngā pūtau uwha hei whakaputa i tētahi zygote. I roto i ngā tipu, ka puta te whakatōnga i muri i te whakapūpū, arā, te whakawhiti i te hae mai i te anther ki te stigma. I muri i te whakapūpū, ka pihi te pūtake o te hae, ka puta he ngongo hae e tipu ana ki te ovule i roto i te ovary. I roto i tēnei ovule ka puta te whakatōnga, te wāhi e honoa ai te pūtake parāoa mai i te ngongo hae ki te hua manu.
He āhuatanga te whakatōrua rua o ngā tipu puāwai (ngā angiosperm), arā, e rua ngā karihi parāoa e whai wāhi ana. Ka whakatōruatia e te karihi parāoa tuatahi te hua manu, ka hanga he zygote, ko te karihi parāoa tuarua ka honoa ki ngā karihi poro e rua hei hanga i te endosperm, e whakarato ana i ngā matūkai mō te kukune e tipu haere ana.
Tauira Pātai 1: He aha i kiia ai te whakamomona i roto i ngā tipu puāwai he whakamomona takirua?
– Kōrero: Ka kiia tēnei ko te whakatōrua takirua nā te mea e rua ngā huihuinga hanumitanga o te pūtake parāoa: tētahi me te pūtau hua manu hei hanga i te zygote, tētahi atu me te pūtake polar hei hanga i te endosperm.
Tauira Pātai 2: He aha te mahi a te endosperm i roto i te whanaketanga o te purapura?
– Kōrero: Ko te endosperm te puna kai mā te kukune i te wā e whakawhānau ana, ko te nuinga he māngaro, he pūmua, me ngā ngako.
Te Tohatoha o te Kākano
I muri i te whakamomona me te hanganga o te purapura, ko te taahiraa e whai ake nei ko te horapa. He tukanga nui te horapa o te purapura hei whakarite i te whakaputa uri o ngā momo tipu mā te karo i te whakataetae ki te tipu matua, me te whakanui ake i te tūponotanga o te kimi i ngā āhuatanga e tika ana mō te tipu.
Ka taea te tohatoha i ngā purapura i roto i ngā huarahi maha:
1. Hau (Anemochory): He purapura māmā, he hanganga rānei e taea ai e te hau te kawe.
2. Wai (Hauora): He purapura ka mānu, ka ātete rānei ki te wai, kia taea ai te hora mā roto i ngā ia wai.
3. Kararehe (Zoochory): Ka puta mā te nakunaku o te kararehe, ka piri rānei ki te tinana o te kararehe.
4. Autōri: Ka whakamahia e ngā tipu ngā tikanga ā-tinana, pērā i te pēhanga, ngā huringa rānei o te haumākū, hei tuku i ā rātou purapura.
5. Tangata: He pānga anō hoki ngā mahi a te tangata ki te tohatoha o ngā purapura, ā-tika, ā-kore hoki.
Tauira Pātai 3: He aha tētahi painga o te tohatoha purapura e ngā kararehe?
– Kōrero: Ko tētahi painga ko te horapa atu, me te mea pea ki ngā kāinga noho pai ake, nā te mea ka haria e ngā kararehe ngā purapura mai i tētahi wāhi ki tētahi atu wāhi kāore pea e taea e ētahi atu huarahi horapa te tae atu.
Tauira Pātai 4: He aha te tikanga o ngā pānga whakataetae i roto i te horopaki o te mararatanga o ngā purapura, ā, me pēhea te āwhina a te mararatanga ki te whakaiti i ēnei pānga?
– Kōrero: Ka puta te whakataetae ina whakataetae ngā purapura hou kua pihi ake ki ō rātou mātua mō ngā rauemi pēnei i ngā matūkai me te māramatanga. Ka whakaitihia tēnei pānga e te horapa o ngā purapura mā te whakanoho i ngā purapura ki ngā wāhi hou, ā, ka whakaitihia te whakataetae tika.
Rautaki Whakamarara Ahurei
Kua whanakehia e ētahi tipu he urutau ahurei mō te horapa o ngā purapura. Hei tauira, ka maroke ngā taru ka wehe atu i ō rātou pakiaka, ka taea ai e te hau te kawe i a rātou ki tawhiti atu i tō rātou pūtake, me ō rātou purapura. Waihoki, ko ngā hua pēnei i te okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) ka puare ka tukuna ō rātou purapura mā te pana ā-roto.
Tauira Pātai 5: He aha te pānga o te urutaunga horapa o ngā purapura ki te horapa ā-whenua o tētahi momo tipu?
– Kōrero: Mā ngā urutaunga marara purapura ka taea e ngā momo tipu te noho ki ngā wāhi hou kei tawhiti atu i tō rātou taiao taketake, ka whānui ake ai tō rātou whānuitanga whenua, ka piki ake ai hoki te oranga whānui o te momo.
Te Hiranga o te Taiao me te Whanaketanga
Ehara i te mea he mea nui te mārama ki te whakamomona me te horapa o ngā purapura mai i te tirohanga koiora anake, engari he pānga nui anō hoki ki te rauropi. Ka pā te horapa o ngā purapura ki te hanganga o ngā hapori tipu i roto i tētahi rohe, ā, ka whai wāhi atu ki te kanorau koiora. Hei tāpiri, he kaupapa ako whakamere ngā urutaunga ahurei i roto i te horapa hei mārama ki te whanaketanga o ngā tipu.
I roto i te whanaketanga, ka tīpakohia ngā momo me ngā tikanga marara whai hua ake i roto i te wā, nā te mea ka whakanui ake i te angitu o te whakaputa uri, ka whakawhānui ake i ngā awhe, ka whakapai ake hoki i te oranga o ngā momo. He mea nui anō hoki te mōhio ki ēnei tukanga mō te tiaki taiao, inā koa mō ngā momo e tata ana ki te ngaro, ā, kei te morearea ō rātou kāinga noho.
Tauira Pātai 6: He aha te hiranga o te ako i te horapa o ngā purapura i roto i te tiaki taiao?
– Kōrero: He mea nui ngā rangahau tohatoha purapura nā te mea ka āwhina i a tātou ki te mārama me pēhea te neke me te urutau o ngā momo ki ngā huringa taiao, tae atu ki te pēhea e taea ai e tātou te tautoko i te whakaora i ngā nohoanga kua pakaru me te tiaki i ngā momo e tata ana ki te ngaro.
Mā te whakahōhonu ake i tō tātou māramatanga ki te whakamomona me te horapa o ngā purapura, ehara i te mea ka ako noa tātou i ngā tikanga taketake o te oranga tipu engari ka maioha hoki ki te uauatanga me te ataahua o te taiao. Ko ēnei tukanga he tohu o ngā urutaunga whakamiharo e puta ana i roto i te oranga tipu, ā, he mea nui hoki mō te pumau o ngā pūnaha rauropi o te ao.
