Ngā Tauira Pātai e Matapaki ana i ngā Wāhanga o te Pūnaha Parepare o te Tinana
Ko te pūnaha ārai mate o te tinana, e mōhiotia whānuitia ana ko te pūnaha ārai mate, he tikanga koiora e whakamahia ana e ngā rauropi hei whawhai i ngā mate urutā me ngā mate urutā. Ka tiakina e te pūnaha ārai mate te tinana mai i te tini o ngā mate urutā, tae atu ki ngā huakita, ngā huaketo, ngā harore, me ngā pirinoa. Hei mārama ake ki tēnei pūnaha, anei ētahi tauira raruraru hei āwhina i te whakamārama i ngā ariā me ngā mahi a ngā wāhanga e whai wāhi ana.
Ngā Ariā Taketake o te Pūnaha Parepare o te Tinana
I mua i te ruku ki ngā pātai, he mea nui kia mārama ko te pūnaha ārai mate e wehea ana kia rua ngā wāhanga matua: te pūnaha ārai mate ā-roto me te pūnaha ārai mate urutau. Ko te pūnaha ārai mate ā-roto te rārangi parenga tuatahi, ā, ka aro atu ki ngā mate urutā. Ko te pūnaha ārai mate urutau, he motuhake ake, ā, he mahara anō tōna, arā, ka taea e ia te maumahara ki ngā mate urutā kua tūtaki ki a ia i mua, ā, ka taea e ia te tere ake, te kaha ake hoki te whakautu mēnā ka whakaeke anō aua mate urutā.
Ngā Wāhanga o te Pūnaha Ārai Mate
1. Pūnaha Ārai Mate ā-Whānau:
– Ngā Ārai Ā-Tinana: Ngā kiriuhi kiri me ngā kiriuhi mucous e ārai ana i te urunga mai o ngā huakita.
– Ngā Pūtau Toto Mā (Ngā Pūtau Toto Ma): Kei roto ko ngā neutrophils, ngā macrophages, me ngā pūtau dendritic e kai ana i ngā pathogens.
– Ngā Pūmua toto: Pērā i te tāpiringa, e āwhina ana ki te whakangaro i ngā huaketo.
2. Pūnaha Ārai Mate Urutau:
– Ngā Pūtau Lymphocyte: Kei roto ko ngā pūtau B me ngā pūtau T he tino motuhake ki ngā antigens.
– Ngā paturopi: Ngā pūmua i hangaia e ngā pūtau-B hei whakakore i ngā mate pukupuku.
Ngā Pātai Tauira me te Kōrero
Kei raro nei ētahi tauira pātai e pā ana ki ngā wāhanga o te pūnaha parepare o te tinana me ngā kōrero hei āwhina i a koe ki te mārama ki ā rātou mahi.
Pātai 1: Whakamāramahia te mahi a ngā macrophage i roto i te pūnaha ārai mate ā-roto.
Kōrero:
Ko ngā macrophage he momo toto ma nui e mahi ana hei kaihoroi (phagocytes). Ka kitea rātou puta noa i te tinana, ā, ko rātou te kawenga mō te kimi, te hopu, me te nakunaku i ngā pathogens me ngā pūtau tinana mate, pakaru rānei. He mahi nui tā ngā macrophages ki te mōhio ki ngā pathogens mā roto i ngā tauira ngota motuhake e kiia nei ko ngā PAMP (Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns). I muri i te mōhio ki tētahi pathogen, ka tukuna e ngā macrophages ngā tohu matū e kiia nei ko ngā cytokine hei kukume i ētahi atu pūtau ārai mate ki te wāhi o te mate. Ka tukuna hoki e rātou ngā kongakonga antigen mai i te pathogen kua nakunaku ki ngā pūtau-T, he taahiraa nui ki te whakahohe i te pūnaha ārai mate urutau.
Pātai 2: Me pēhea te mahi a ngā paturopi?
Kōrero:
Ko ngā paturopi, arā, ngā immunoglobulin, he pūmua i hangaia e ngā pūtau-B kua whakahohehia hei pūtau plasma. He pae here motuhake tō ia paturopi e taea ai te mohio me te here ki tētahi paturopi motuhake o tētahi pathogen. Ko ngā tikanga mahi a te paturopi ko:
– Te Whakakorenga: Ka taea e ngā paturopi te piri ki ngā wāhanga o te pathogen e whai tikanga ana mō te urunga ki ngā pūtau manaaki, ā, ka ārai i te mate atu anō.
– Opsonization: Te tohu i ngā huakita kia whakangaromia e ngā pūtau phagocytic pērā i ngā macrophages.
– Whakahohenga Ara Tāpiri: Ka whakaoho i ngā pūmua tāpiri kia pakaru ai ngā pūtau mate.
Ka taea hoki e ngā paturopi te hanga i ngā matatini antigen-antibody, kātahi ka whakangaromia e te pūnaha ārai mate.
Pātai 3: He aha te rerekētanga matua i waenga i ngā urupare ārai mate tuatahi me ngā urupare ārai mate tuarua?
Kōrero:
Ka puta te urupare ārai mate tuatahi ina tūtaki tuatahi te tinana ki tētahi pūmua motuhake. He puhoi ake tēnei urupare nā te mea ka roa te wā e mōhio ai ngā pūtau-B me ngā pūtau-T ki te pūmua, ā, ka whakahohe i te urupare tika. I te urupare tuatahi, ka puta noa ngā pūmua ārai mate i muri i ētahi rā, wiki rānei.
He rerekē, ka puta he urupare ārai mate tuarua ina pāngia anō te tinana e te mate pūmua kotahi. He tere ake, he kaha ake hoki tēnei urupare nā te noho mai o ngā pūtau mahara i hangaia i te wā o te urupare tuatahi. Ka tere te mōhio o ngā pūtau mahara B me te T ki te mate pūmua, ā, ka whakahohe i te hanga paturopi me ngā pūtau whai hua i roto i te wā poto ake, ka whakarato i te parenga whai hua ake ki te mate.
Pātai 4: Matapakihia te tūranga o ngā pūtau-T āwhina i roto i te pūnaha ārai mate urutau.
Kōrero:
Ko ngā pūtau T Āwhina (Th) he momo pūtau T e whai wāhi nui ana ki te whakahaere me te āwhina i te mahi a ētahi atu pūtau ārai mate. Ka whakahohehia ngā pūtau T Āwhina ina mōhio ā rātou kaiwhakawhiwhi pūtau T (TCR) ki ngā antigens e whakaatuhia ana i roto i te horopaki o ngā ngota ngota o te Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) akomanga II i runga i te mata o ngā pūtau whakaatu antigen (APC).
Kia whakahohehia, ka whakaputahia e ngā pūtau-T āwhina ngā cytokine he maha ngā mahi, tae atu ki:
– Ka whakahohe i ngā pūtau-B ki te whakaputa i ngā paturopi.
– Ka whakaoho i ngā pūtau-T paitini (Tc) kia patu i ngā pūtau pangia.
– Ka whakahohe, ka āwhina hoki i ngā macrophages kia nui ake ai te phagocytosis.
Ka mahi ngā pūtau-T āwhina hei 'kaiwhakarite' i roto i te urupare ārai mate urutau, kia pai ai te mahi tahi a ngā wāhanga katoa o te pūnaha ārai mate ki te whawhai ki ngā mate pukupuku.
Pātai 5: Whakamāramahia te mahi a ngā pūtau dendritic ki te hono i te pūnaha ārai mate ā-roto me te pūnaha ārai mate urutau.
Kōrero:
He piriti ngā pūtau dendritic i waenganui i te pūnaha ārai mate ā-roto me te pūnaha ārai mate urutau. He pūtau whakaatu-antigen tino whai hua ēnei e kite ana i ngā pathogens, kātahi ka tukatuka me te whakaatu i ēnei antigens ki ngā pūtau-T. Kei roto i ngā kiko e pā tika ana ki te taiao o waho, pērā i te kiri me ngā mata mucosal, ngā pūtau dendritic.
I muri i te whakapūpū i ngā mate pāwera, ka heke ngā pūtau dendritic ki ngā pona lymph, ka whakaatu i ngā antigen ki ngā pūtau-T hou. Mā tēnei tukanga ka puta te pakeketanga o ngā pūtau-T ki ngā momo motuhake, pērā i ngā pūtau-T āwhina, ngā pūtau-T cytotoxic rānei, ā, ka whai wāhi rātou ki te whawhai motuhake ki ngā mate pāwera. Mā tēnei mahi, ko ngā pūtau-dendritic te mea nui ki te whakahaere i tētahi urupare ārai mate tika me te motuhake ki te mate.
Te Katinga
Mā te mārama ki ngā wāhanga me ngā tikanga o te pūnaha ārai mate, ka taea e tātou te mārama ake ki te āhua o te tinana e whawhai ana ki ngā mate me ngā mate maha. Mā ngā tauira me ngā kōrero i runga ake nei ka mārama ake te āhua o ngā mahi nui e mahia ana e ngā wāhanga maha o tō tātou pūnaha ārai mate. He mea nui te mārama ki tēnei pūnaha, ehara i te mea mō ngā ākonga me ngā mātauranga anake, engari mō te marea whānui hoki, hei pupuri me te whakapai ake i te hauora.
