Tauira Pātai Kōrero: Whakamāramatanga o te Whanaketanga
He ariā taketake te whanaketanga i roto i te koiora, e whakarato ana i tētahi whakamārama hohonu mō te kanorau koiora o Papatūānuku. Ahakoa he kaupapa kōrero me te tautohetohe tonu, he mea nui te mārama ki te whanaketanga mō te hunga e hiahia ana ki te whakawhānui ake i ā rātou akoranga koiora. Ko te whāinga o tēnei tuhinga he whakarato i tētahi māramatanga pai ake mā te matapaki i ētahi tauira raruraru e pā ana ki te whakamāramatanga o te whanaketanga.
Te Mārama ki te Whanaketanga
I mua i te urunga atu ki ngā tauira pātai, me matapaki tuatahi tātou i te tikanga o te whanaketanga. I roto i te koiora, ka taea te tautuhi i te whanaketanga hei tukanga huringa o ngā āhuatanga ira o tētahi taupori o ngā rauropi mai i tētahi whakatipuranga ki tētahi whakatipuranga. Ka taea tēnei huringa te puta mā roto i ngā tikanga pēnei i te whakarerekētanga ira, te kōwhiringa taiao, te whakakotahitanga ira, me te rere o te ira.
Ko Charles Darwin tētahi o ngā tino tangata rongonui e hono ana ki te ariā o te whanaketanga, inā koa nā roto i tana mahi On the Origin of Species i whakaputaina i te tau 1859. Ko te ariā a Darwin mō te kōwhiringa taiao hei tikanga matua mō te whanaketanga kua waiho hei pūtake mō te whanaketanga o te ariā whanaketanga o ēnei rā.
Ngā Tauira Pātai me ngā Kōrerorero
Hei whakamārama ake i tō tātou māramatanga ki te whanaketanga, me titiro tātou ki ētahi tauira raruraru me ngā otinga e pā ana.
Pātai 1: He aha te kōwhiringa taiao, ā, he aha tōna tūranga i roto i te whanaketanga?
Kōrero:
Ko te kōwhiringa taiao te tukanga e nui ake ai te tūponotanga o ngā rauropi he pai ake ō rātou āhuatanga i roto i tō rātou taiao ki te ora me te whakaputa uri. I rongonui tuatahitia te kupu e Charles Darwin, nāna i whakaaro ko ngā āhuatanga pai ka tukuna ki te whakatupuranga e whai ake nei, engari ko ngā mea kāore i te pai ka whakakorea. I roto i ngā wā roa, ka puta he huringa nui ki ngā taupori i tēnei tukanga, e kiia nei e tātou ko te whanaketanga.
Hei tauira, i roto i tētahi kāinga noho ko ngā pepeke iti te pūtake kai matua, tera pea he painga mō ngā manu he roa ake, he kikokore ō rātou ngutu nā te mea ka taea e rātou te hopu kai i ngā manu he nui ake, he poto ake ō rātou ngutu. I roto i te wā, ka piki ake pea te taupori o ēnei manu i te ōwehenga o ngā manu he roa ō rātou ngutu, ā, ka noho pea tēnei hei āhuatanga matua.
Pātai 2: Whakamāramahia te rerekētanga i waenga i te whakarerekētanga ira me te kōwhiringa taiao hei āhuatanga o te whanaketanga.
Kōrero:
Ko te whakarerekētanga ira me te kōwhiringa taiao he tikanga nui e rua i roto i te tukanga whanaketanga, engari he rerekē te āhua o tā rāua mahi me te pānga ki ngā taupori.
1. Ko ngā whakarerekētanga ira he panonitanga matapōkere i roto i te raupapatanga DNA o tētahi rauropi. Ka taea te whakaputa i ngā whakarerekētanga ira e ngā āhuatanga maha, tae atu ki te irahiko, ngā matū, me ngā hapa i te wā whakaputarua DNA. He koretake, he kino rānei te nuinga o ngā whakarerekētanga ira, engari ka taea e ētahi te whakarato i ngā painga urutau ki tētahi rauropi. Ka taea e ngā whakarerekētanga ira te arahi ki te rerekētanga ira i roto i tētahi taupori, koinei te rauemi mata mō te kōwhiringa taiao.
2. Kāore te kōwhiringa taiao e hanga i ngā momo ira hou, engari ka mahi i runga i ngā momo ira o nāianei. Ka tiakina e te kōwhiringa taiao ngā momo ira e whai hua ana ki tētahi rauropi i roto i tōna taiao, ā, ka whakakorea ngā momo ira e kino ana. Nō reira, ka āwhina te kōwhiringa taiao ki te akiaki i te huringa whanaketanga mā te whiriwhiri i ngā tāngata takitahi e pai ake ana ki te ora me te whakaputa uri.
He hononga tō ngā mahi a ngā mea e rua: ka puta he rerekētanga hou i ngā whakarerekētanga ira, ko te kōwhiringa taiao ia e whakatau ana ko ēhea rerekētanga ka nui ake te kitea, ka ngaro rānei i te taupori.
Pātai 3: He aha te pānga o te rere o ngā ira ki te whanaketanga o te taupori?
Kōrero:
Ko te rere o te ira ko te nekehanga o ngā ira, ngā ira rānei i waenga i ngā taupori rerekē. Ka taea tēnei nekehanga mā te hekenga takitahi, mā te whakawhiti ira rānei i te wā o ngā mahi whakaputa uri. Ka taea e te rere o te ira te awe i te whanaketanga i ngā huarahi e whai ake nei:
1. Te whakaiti i ngā rerekētanga ira i waenga i ngā taupori: Ina moe ngā tāngata o ngā taupori rerekē, ka kawea mai e rātou ngā ira rerekē ki roto i te taupori hou. Ka taea e tēnei te whakaiti i ngā rerekētanga ira i waenga i ngā taupori, ā, ka hanga kia ōrite ake.
2. Whakanuia te rerekētanga ira i roto i te taupori: Ka taea e te rere o te ira te whakauru i ngā ira hou ki roto i te taupori, ka whakanui ake i te rerekētanga ira, ka taea te whakarato rauemi mata mō te kōwhiringa taiao hei mahi.
3. Ka taea te ārai i te rerekētanga o te taupori: I ētahi wā, mā te rere nui o ngā ira ka ārai i te rerekētanga rawa o ngā taupori tetahi i tetahi, ka taea ai te whakawhāiti i te whakarōpūtanga (te tukanga e whanake ai ngā taupori hei momo hou).
Pātai 4: He aha te rerekētanga i waenga i te whanaketanga moroiti me te whanaketanga makroskopi?
Kōrero:
E rua ngā taumata matua o te whanaketanga: te moroiti me te moroiti.
1. Ko te whanaketanga moroiti (microevolution) e pā ana ki ngā huringa iti o ngā auau ira i roto i tētahi taupori mai i tētahi whakatipuranga ki tētahi whakatipuranga. He maha ngā wā ka urutau ēnei huringa ki te taiao ā-rohe, ā, ka puta pea i roto i ngā wā poto noa iho. Hei tauira, ko te whanaketanga o te ātete ki ngā paturopi i roto i ngā huakita.
2. Ko te whanaketanga nui (makroevolution) he tukanga e puta ai ngā panonitanga nui, e kitea ana i roto i te ahua o te whakarōpūtanga me te kanorau o ngā rōpū rauropi nui ake. Ka puta tēnei i roto i ngā wā roa o te ao whenua. Hei tauira, ko te whanaketanga o ngā kararehe whakangote mai i ngā tūpuna reptile, te putanga mai rānei o ngā manu mai i ngā tainasoa theropod.
Ahakoa he rerekētanga ira kei roto i ēnei e rua, ko te rerekētanga kei te roa o te wā me te uaua o ngā huringa e puta ana.
Whakamutunga
He tukanga uaua, he tukanga hihiri hoki te whanaketanga e hanga ana i te ora i runga i te Ao. Mā te mārama ki ngā tikanga pēnei i te kōwhiringa taiao, te whakarerekētanga ira, me te rere o te ira, ka taea e tātou te mārama ake ki te hanganga o te kanorau koiora e kitea ana e tātou i ēnei rā. Mā roto i ngā rapanga mahi me ngā kōrero, ka taea e tātou te whakahōhonu ake i tō tātou māramatanga me te maioha atu ki te mīharo o tēnei tukanga whanaketanga.
He mea nui kia haere tonu te ako me te whakamārama i te whanaketanga ki ētahi atu, nā te mea mā te mōhio he hua tātou katoa nō tēnei tukanga roa ka taea te whakatipu i te whakaute ki te ora, ki te taiao, me te hiranga o te tiaki i te kanorau koiora o tō tātou ao.
