Ngā Tauira Pātai e Matapaki ana i ngā Here Matū Taketake
Pendahuluan
Ko te hononga matū te kaha e pupuri ana i ngā ngota i roto i tētahi ngota, i tētahi matū rānei. He mea nui te mārama ki ngā kaupapa matua o te hononga matū mō ngā ākonga matū nā te mea ka whakatakoto i te turanga mō te mārama ki ngā tauhohenga matū, te hanganga ngota, me ngā āhuatanga o te matū. Ka taea te wehewehe i ngā hononga matū ki ētahi momo matua: ngā hononga honohono, ngā hononga ioni, ngā hononga konganuku, me ngā kaha van der Waals. I roto i tēnei tuhinga, ka matapakihia e mātou ētahi tauira raruraru me ā rātou otinga hei āwhina i te whakamārama i ngā ariā matua o te hononga matū.
Ngā Here Ionic
Ka puta ngā hononga katote ina whakawhitia ngā irahiko mai i tētahi ngota ki tētahi atu, ka hua ake te hanganga o ngā katote pai (ngā katote) me ngā katote kino (ngā anion). Ko tētahi tauira noa ko te hononga i waenga i te konutai (Na) me te chlorine (Cl) i roto i te konutai chloride (NaCl).
Pātai 1:
Whakaahuahia te tukanga o te hanganga hononga katote i waenga i te konupora (Mg) me te hāora (O).
Kōrero:
1. Ko te whirihoranga irahiko o te konupūmā he [Ne] 3s², ko te whirihoranga irahiko ia o te hāora he [He] 2s² 2p⁴.
2. Ka tukuna e te konupūmā ngā irahiko e rua mai i tōna anga valence 3s² hei whakatutuki i tētahi whirihoranga irahiko pumau [Ne].
3. Ka tangohia e te hāora ngā irahiko e rua hei whakakī i te porowhita 2p⁴ ki te 2p⁶, ka tutuki ai he whirihoranga irahiko pumau pērā i te neon (Ne).
4. I muri i te tukunga o ngā irahiko e rua, ka huri te konupūmā hei katote Mg²⁺, ā, i muri i te whiwhinga o ngā irahiko e rua, ka huri te hāora hei katote O²⁻.
5. Ka kukume ngā utu rerekē i waenganui i te Mg²⁺ me te O²⁻ tetahi ki tetahi, ka hanga ko te hononga ionic MgO.
Ngā Herenga Taurite
Ka puta te hononga koha ina whakamahia ngātahitia e ngā ngota e rua tētahi takirua irahiko. Ka taea e te hononga koha te noho kore-pōra mena ka ōrite te tohatoha o ngā takirua irahiko, ka pōra rānei mena kāore i ōrite te tohatoha o ngā takirua irahiko.
Pātai 2:
Whakaahuahia te hanganga o ngā hononga honohono i roto i te ngota wai (H₂O).
Kōrero:
1. E ono ngā irahiko o te ngota hāora i roto i tōna anga o waho (whiringa [He] 2s² 2p⁴) ā, e rua atu ngā irahiko e hiahiatia ana hei tae atu ki tētahi oketē.
2. Kotahi te irahiko o ia ngota hauwai i te anga o waho rawa (te whirihoranga 1s¹) ā, me kotahi atu irahiko hei hanga i te takirua.
3. Ka tohaina e te hāora tētahi o ōna takirua irahiko ki ia ngota hauwai, ko ia ngota hauwai ka hoatu i tētahi irahiko.
4. Ko te hua o tēnei ko ngā hononga honohono e rua i waenganui i te hāora me ngā hauwai e rua, ka hanga he ngota H₂O me te hanganga Lewis HOH.
Ngā Here Whakarewa
Ka puta te hononga whakarewa i roto i ngā whakarewa, kei reira te "moana" o ngā irahiko kua wehea te rohe e neke noa ana i waenga i ngā katote whakarewa. Mā tēnei ka pai te kawe hiko me te kawe wera o ngā whakarewa.
Pātai 3:
Whakamāramahia he aha ngā konganuku pēnei i te parahi (Cu) ka pai ai te kawe hiko.
Kōrero:
1. I roto i te hanganga whakarewa, ka karapotia ngā ngota parahi e te kapua irahiko kua tangohia te rohe.
2. Kāore ēnei irahiko e herea ki ngā ngota motuhake, ā, ka taea e rātou te neke noa puta noa i te hanganga whakarewa.
3. Ina whakamahia he pūmanawa hiko, ka taea e ēnei irahiko te neke ngātahi i te huarahi kotahi, ka taea ai te rere o te iahiko.
4. Nō reira, mā ēnei irahiko kore utu, mā te tango i te rohe rānei, ka taea e te parahi me ētahi atu konganuku te kawe hiko pai.
Te kaha o Van der Waals
Ko ngā kaha Van der Waals he kaha ngoikore e puta ake ana i te kore pumau o te tohatoha irahiko i roto, i waenga rānei i ngā ngota. E rua ngā momo matua: ko ngā kaha Ranana (marara) me ngā kaha dipole-dipole.
Pātai 4:
Whakamāramahia te tūranga o ngā kaha Van der Waals i roto i ngā āhua wai me ngā āhua totoka o te benzene (C₆H₆).
Kōrero:
1. He ngota kore-porowhita ngā ngota Benzene nā te mea he ōrite te āhua, nō reira ko ngā kaha o Rānana (marara) ko ngā kaha matua o Van der Waals.
2. Ka puta ngā kaha o Rānana nā te taunekeneke i waenga i ngā rua pōro inamata i hangaia e ngā piki me ngā heke o te tohatoha o ngā irahiko i roto i te ngota benzene.
3. Ahakoa he ngoikore ēnei kaha ki te whakatauritea ki ngā hononga honohono, ki ngā hononga katote rānei, i roto i ngā rahinga nui, ka pā pea ngā kaha o Rānana ki ngā āhuatanga o ngā ngota.
i ngā āhua totoka me ngā āhua wai.
4. I te wāhanga wai, ka pupuri ngā kaha o Van der Waals i ngā ngota ahakoa he teitei tonu te nekenekehanga o ngā ngota.
5. I te wāhanga totoka, ka āwhina ēnei kaha ki te pupuri i tētahi whakaritenga ngota kia pai ake te raupapa.
Ngā Tauira Pātai me ngā Kōrerorero Tāpiri
Pātai 5:
Whakamāramahia te hanganga o ngā hononga irahiko pōro i roto i te ngota waro hauhā (CO₂) me te take he kore-pōro tēnei ngota.
Kōrero:
1. E whā ngā irahiko valence o te waro, e ono ngā irahiko valence o te hāora.
2. Hei whakatutuki i tētahi whirihoranga octet, e rua ngā irahiko e hiahiatia ana e te waro, e rua hoki ngā irahiko e hiahiatia ana e te hāora.
3. Ka hangaia e te waro ngā hononga takirua takirua me ngā ngota hāora e rua i ia taha (hanganga O=C=O).
4. Ko ia hononga takirua ko te tohatoha o ngā takirua irahiko e rua i waenga i te waro me te hāora.
5. Ahakoa he pōra ia hononga C=O (ko te nui ake o te hāora irahiko ka kaha ake te kukume i ngā irahiko), he ōrite ēnei pōra, ā, ka whakakorea tetahi i tetahi i roto i te whakaritenga rārangi o te ngota CO₂, kia kore ai te ngota katoa e pōra.
Pātai 6:
He aha i iti ake ai te koki here o te ngota haukini (NH₃) i te tetrahedron tino pai?
Kōrero:
1. E rima ngā irahiko valence o te hauota i roto i te haukini (whiringa [He] 2s² 2p³) ā, e toru atu ngā irahiko e hiahiatia ana hei tae atu ki tētahi octet.
2. Ka hangaia e te hauota ngā hononga honohono e toru me ngā ngota hauwai e toru, ka mahue iho tētahi takirua irahiko takitahi i runga i te hauota.
3. Ko te koki here o te tetrahedron tino pai he 109.5°, engari nā te mea he nui ake te wāhi e hiahiatia ana e te takirua takitahi, ā, ka panaia te here HNH kia tata atu ki te 107°.
4. Ka whakaitihia te koki here e te pānga pana o ngā takirua irahiko takitahi ki te whakataurite ki te koki tetrahedral tino pai.
Pātai 7:
He aha i rewa ai te NaCl i roto i te wai, engari kāore te I₂?
Kōrero:
1. He pūhui ionic te NaCl, kei roto ko ngā ion Na⁺ me Cl⁻. He whakarewa porowhita te wai, ā, ka taea e ia te wehewehe i ēnei ion mā roto i ngā taunekeneke ion-dipole.
2. Ina rewa te NaCl, ka karapotia ngā iona Na⁺ me Cl⁻ e ngā ngota wai e whakarite ana i a rātou anō hei whakau i te kaha o ngā iona.
3. He ngota kore-pōraru te I₂, nō reira kāore e pai te rewa ki roto i ngā whakarewa pōraru pērā i te wai, engari ka pai ake te rewa ki roto i ngā whakarewa kore-pōraru e ai ki te mātāpono "he rite te rewa ki te rite".
Te Katinga
He huarahi whai hua te mārama ki ngā kaupapa matua o te hononga matū mā te whakaoti rapanga hei whakapakari i ngā ariā kua akohia i mua. I runga ake nei, kua matapakihia e mātou ngā momo hononga matū, ā, kua whakaratohia he tauira e kapi ana i ngā kaha ionic, covalent, metallic, me van der Waals. Mā te mahi me te mārama ki ēnei raruraru, ko te tumanako ka pai ake tō māramatanga ki te hononga matū me ōna whakamahinga i roto i ngā horopaki rerekē.
