Ngā Tauira Pātai mō te Kōrero mō te Mārama Kitea
Pendahuluan
Ko te mārama kitea ko te wāhanga o te whānuitanga hikohiko e kitea ana e te kanohi tangata. Ko te whānuitanga o ngā roangaru o te mārama kitea he tata ki te 380 ki te 740 nanometer. He maha ngā tae o tēnei mārama ka taea te wehewehe mā te whakaata, te whakarara rānei. He maha ngā wā ka akohia tēnei āhuatanga i roto i te ahupūngao, inā koa i roto i te upoko mō ngā tirohanga.
He momo pūngao te mārama e tika ana mō te oranga o ia rā, ā, he kaupapa matua hoki i roto i ngā momo raruraru ahupūngao. I roto i tēnei tuhinga, ka matapakihia e mātou ētahi tauira raruraru me pēhea te whakaoti i aua raruraru e pā ana ki te mārama e kitea ana.
Ngā Pātai Tauira me te Kōrero
Pātai 1: Whānuitanga Mārama
Ka whakamahia he porowhita karāhe hei wehewehe i te hihi o te mārama mā ki roto i ōna tae wāhanga. Whakarārangihia te whānuitanga o ngā tae e puta mai ana i te whakaata o te mārama mā i roto i te porowhita, mai i te roanga ngaru poto ki te roanga ngaru roa.
Kōrero:
He rerekē ngā tae o te mārama mā, he rerekē hoki ngā roangaru. Ina tukuna te mārama mā mā roto i tētahi porohita, ka pikohia ia wāhanga tae ki tētahi koki rerekē i runga i tōna roangaru. Ko te raupapa o ngā tae mai i te roangaru poto ki te roa ko:
1. Waiporoporo
2. Kikorangi
3. Kakariki
4. Kōwhai
5. Karaka
6. Whero
Ko te papura te mea poto rawa atu ngā ngaru roa (~380 nm) ā, ko te mea nui rawa atu te whakapiko, ko te whero te mea roa rawa atu ngā ngaru roa (~700 nm) ā, ko te mea iti rawa atu te whakapiko.
Pātai 2: Taupū Whakaata
Kei roto i te reo wai tētahi mārama kotahi-tae, ko tōna roangaru he 600 nm. Ka tomo te mārama ki tētahi atu reo, arā, ki te karāhe, ko tōna taupū whakahurihuri he 1,5. Tātaihia te koki whakahurihuri mēnā he 30 nekehanga te koki taunga i roto i te wai. Ko te taupū whakahurihuri o te wai he 1,33.
Kōrero:
Whakamahia te ture a Snell, e kī ana:
\[ n_1 \sin \theta_1 = n_2 \sin \theta_2 \]
I hoatu:
– Te taupū whakaata o te wai, \( n_1 = 1,33 \)
– Taupū whakaata o te karāhe, \( n_2 = 1,5 \)
– Te koki o te taunga i roto i te wai, \( \theta_1 = 30^\circ \)
Nā reira:
\[ 1,33 \sin 30^\circ = 1,5 \sin \theta_2 \]
Nā te mea ko te \(\sin 30^\circ = 0,5\), tāpirihia ki te whārite:
\[ 1,33 \whakareatia ki te 0,5 = 1,5 \sin \theta_2 \]
\[ 0,665 = 1,5 \sin \theta_2 \]
\[ \sin \theta_2 = \frac{0,665}{1,5} \]
\[ \sin \theta_2 = 0,4433 \]
Kimihia te koki o te hurihanga \( \theta_2 \):
\[ \theta_2 = \sin^{-1}(0,4433) \approx 26,4^\circ \]
Nō reira, ko te koki whakaata i roto i te karāhe \( \theta_2 \) he tata ki te 26,4 nekehanga.
Pātai 3: Te Whakararuraru Mārama
E rua ngā āputa whaiti whakarara, e wehea ana e te tawhiti \(d = 0,1\) mm, e whakamāramahia ana e te hihi o te mārama kotahi te tae me te roangaru o \(\lambda = 500\) nm. Ka puta he tauira pokanoa i runga i te mata e 2 m mai i ngā āputa. Tātaihia te tawhiti i waenga i ngā whitiki kanapa e rua i runga i te mata.
Kōrero:
Whakamahia te whārite mō te tawhiti i waenganui i ngā roopu kanapa e rua e whai ake nei i roto i te tauira pokanoa e rua-kōhao:
\[ \Delta y = \frac{\lambda L}{d} \]
I hoatu:
– Te roanga ngaru o te mārama, \( \lambda = 500 \times 10^{-9} \) mita
– Te tawhiti mai i te kōhao ki te mata, \( L = 2 \) mita
– Te tawhiti i waenganui i ngā kōhao e rua, \( d = 0,1 \times 10^{-3} \) mita
Whakakapia ēnei uara:
\[ \Delta y = \frac{500 \times 10^{-9} \text{ m} \times 2 \text{ m}}{0,1 \times 10^{-3} \text{ m}} \]
\[ \Delta y = \frac{1000 \times 10^{-9} \text{ m}}{0,1 \times 10^{-3} \text{ m}} \]
\[ \Delta y = \frac{1000 \times 10^{-9}}{10^{-4}} \]
\[ \Delta y = 10^{-5 + 4} \]
\[ \Delta y = 10^{-1} \]
\[ \Delta y = 0,01 \text{ m} \]
Nō reira, ko te tawhiti i waenganui i ngā whiti kanapa e rua i runga i te mata he 0,01 mita, 1 henemita rānei.
Pātai 4: Te Whakarerekētanga o te Mārama
Ka whiti te mārama me te roangaru o te \( \lambda = 600 \) nm mā roto i tētahi āputa kotahi me te whānui o te \(a = 0,02\) mm. Ka hopukina te tauira whakarara i puta mai i runga i te mata e 3 mita te tawhiti mai i te āputa. Tātaihia te whānui o te whitiki pōuri tuatahi mai i waenganui o te tauira whakarara.
Kōrero:
Whakamahia te whārite mō te whānui o te awhi pōuri tuatahi (tauira wehewehenga kōhao kotahi):
\[ y = \frac{m \lambda L}{a} \]
Mō te roopu pōuri tuatahi, \( m = 1 \):
\[ y = \frac{1 \times 600 \times 10^{-9} \text{ m} \times 3 \text{ m}}{0,02 \times 10^{-3} \text{ m}} \]
Te whakakapinga o ngā uara:
\[ y = \frac{600 \times 10^{-9} \text{ m} \times 3 \text{ m}}{0,02 \times 10^{-3} \text{ m}} \]
\[ y = \frac{1800 \times 10^{-9} \text{ m}}{0,02 \times 10^{-3} \text{ m}} \]
\[ y = \frac{1800}{0,02} \times 10^{-6} \text{ m} \]
\[ y = \frac{1800}{0,02} \times 10^{-6} \text{ m} \]
\[ y = 90000 \times 10^{-6} \text{ m} \]
\[ y = 0,09 \text{ m} \]
Nō reira, ko te whānui o te awhi pouri tuatahi mai i te pokapū o te tauira whakawehewehe he 0,09 mita, 9 cm rānei.
Whakamutunga
Ko te mārama kitea ko te rohe o te whānuitanga hikohiko e kitea ana e te kanohi tangata, ā, he mea nui mō ngā āhuatanga whatu pēnei i te whakaata, te pokanoa, me te whakarara. He mea nui te mārama ki ngā ariā taketake me te kaha ki te whakaoti rapanga e pā ana ki ēnei āhuatanga mō ngā ākonga me ngā kairangahau. I roto i tēnei tuhinga, kua arotakehia e mātou ētahi tauira rapanga, me ngā whakamārama, hei āwhina i a mātou ki te mārama ki te taunekeneke a te mārama kitea ki tētahi reo, me te whakaputa i ngā āhuatanga whatu. Mā te mārama ake, ka taea e mātou te tūhura i ētahi atu tono o te mārama kitea i roto i te pūtaiao me te hangarau.
