Te Haumarutanga Whakamuna i runga i ngā Hopu CCTV
I tēnei ao matihiko o ēnei rā, ehara ngā kāmera CCTV (pouaka whakaata porowhita kati) i te mea he taputapu tirotiro noa iho. Kua noho ngā kiriata CCTV hei raraunga nui hei whakaatu i ngā mahi pakihi, ngā whanonga o te whare, ngā tuakiri takitahi, tae atu ki ngā taipitopito o ngā aituā taihara. Nā te nui o te uara mōhiohio, he ūnga ātaahua ngā kiriata CCTV mā ngā kaipahua, ngā kaiwhakaari o roto, me te tukino a te hunga tuatoru. Koinei te wāhi e whai wāhi nui ai te whakamunatanga: te whakarite kia kore e taea te pānui, te whakarerekē rānei i ngā kiriata e ngā rōpū kāore i whakamanahia, i te wā e rokiroki ana, i te wā e tukuna ana hoki mā te whatunga.
He aha i hiahia ai kia hunaia ngā kiriata CCTV?
He tokomaha te hunga e whakaaro ana ko te haumarutanga CCTV he whakatakoto noa i tētahi kupuhipa ki te taputapu DVR/NVR, ki te taupānga aroturuki rānei. Heoi, ko ngā kupuhipa anake hei tiaki i te urunga, ehara i te ihirangi raraunga. Mena ka angitu te tārua a te kaiwhakaeke i ngā kōnae ataata, ka ārai i te rere o te whatunga, ka uru atu rānei ki te rokiroki kapua, ka taea te purei anō i ngā rekoata me te kore he arai mena kāore i whakamunatia.
Haunga te mōrearea o te tahae raraunga, he tino ngāwari hoki te whakarerekē i ngā kiriata CCTV. Ka taea e te ataata kua whakarerekētia—hei tauira, kua tapahia, kua tere ake, kua tuhia anō rānei—te huna i ngā meka me te whakararu i te tukanga tirotiro. Ka taea e ngā tikanga whakamunatanga me te pono te āwhina ki te kite i ngā huringa kāore i whakamanahia, kia pono ake ai ngā kiriata hei taunakitanga.
Whakamunatanga "I te Waka" me te "I te Toenga"
Ko te haumarutanga kaha e rua ngā paparanga matua: te whakamunatanga i te wā e tukuna ana me te whakamunatanga i te wā e puritia ana.
1. Mā te whakamunatanga i te wā e tukuna ana ka tiakina ngā raraunga i te wā e tukuna ana te ataata mai i te kāmera ki te NVR, mai i te NVR ki te tūmau, mai i te taputapu rānei ki te waea pūkoro a te kaiwhakamahi. Ki te kore he whakamunatanga, ka taea te hopu i ngā raraunga e haere ana i runga i te whatunga rohe (LAN) me te ipurangi mā te whakamahi i ngā tikanga pēnei i te hongi pākete, i ngā whakaeke tangata-i-te-waenganui rānei. Ko tētahi tikanga noa mō te tiakitanga whakawhiti ko te TLS (Haumarutanga Papa Whakawhiti) me tētahi atu momo kawe haumaru rite.
2. Mā te whakamunatanga i te wā e okioki ana ka tiakina ngā rekoata kua rongoatia kētia ki te puku mārō NVR/DVR, NAS, kāri SD kāmera, rokiroki kapua rānei. Mēnā ka tahaetia te pūrere, ka tangohia rānei te puku mārō, ka noho tonu te ataata kāore e taea te pānui mēnā kāore te kī whakamunatanga. Ko te mea pai mō te whakamunatanga i te wā e okioki ana, ka whakamahia he paerewa kaha pēnei i te AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) me te roa o te kī e ranea ana.
Me mahi tahi ngā mea e rua. Kāore e ranea te whakamunatanga i te wā e tukuna ana mēnā ka taea te hopu i te puku mārō kei roto i te papa. I tetahi atu taha, kāore e ranea te whakamunatanga i te wā e tukuna ana mēnā ka taea te aukati i te awa ataata i te wā e tukuna ana.
Ngā Momo me ngā Paerewa Whakamunatanga e Whakamahia Ana
I roto i te mahi haumarutanga mōhiohio, ko ngā rauropi pakari, e mōhiotia whānuitia ana te mea e pai ana te whiriwhiri nā te mea kua whakamatautauria e te hapori haumarutanga mō ngā tau. Mō ngā whakaahua CCTV, ko ētahi o ngā huarahi noa ko:
– AES-128, AES-256 rānei hei whakamuna i ngā ihirangi ataata e takoto kau ana. He paerewa hou, whai hua hoki te AES e whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i ngā taputapu me ngā pūmanawa.
– TLS 1.2, TLS 1.3 rānei mō te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero haumaru i waenga i ngā taputapu me ngā tūmau/taupānga. Ka whakaratohia e te TLS te noho muna, te pono, me te manatoko tūmau, ā, i ētahi wā ka tautokohia hoki te manatoko taputapu (TLS tahi).
– HMAC, waitohu matihiko rānei, hei whakarite i te pono o te rekoata. He mea nui tēnei hei kite mēnā kua whakarerekētia te ataata i muri i te rekoata.
Heoi, he mea nui te whakatinanatanga hangarau. Ka ngoikore pea ngā rauropi kaha mēnā kāore i te pai te whakahaere i ngā kī, kāore ngā tiwhikete i manatokohia, mēnā rānei kei te whakamahi te pūnaha i ngā whirihoranga tawhito pērā i ngā putanga tawhito o te TLS.
Wero Matua: Whakahaere Kī Whakamuna
Ko te whakamunatanga he rite tonu te haumaru ki te kī whakamunatanga. Ko te wero nui rawa atu i roto i te CCTV hou ehara i te mea ko te whiriwhiri noa i te AES, i te TLS rānei, engari ko te whakarite kia kore te kī e turuturu, kia kore hoki e ngāwari te matapae.
Ko ētahi o ngā mahi kino e puta pinepine ana ko:
– Ka whakamahia te kī whakamunatanga kotahi mō ngā pūrere katoa, mō ngā kiritaki katoa rānei (kī tiritahi).
– Ka rongoa ngā kī i roto i te tuhinga māori i runga i te pūrere, i te taupānga rānei.
– Kāore te kupuhipa taunoa e whakarerekētia, nō reira ka ngāwari te tango i te kī kaiwhakahaere, te urunga rānei.
– He ngoikore te tukanga whakaora pūkete, e āhei ai ngā kaipahua ki te whakarerekē i ngā tohu tuakiri me te tango i te pūnaha.
Ko ngā mahi pai ko te whakamahi i ngā kī ahurei mō ia pūrere/mō ia tauwāhi, te penapena i ngā kī ki roto i tētahi kōwae haumaru ake (hei tauira, te huānga haumaru, te TPM rānei mēnā e wātea ana), me te hurihanga kī i ia wā mēnā e tautokona ana e te pūnaha.
Whakamunatanga Mutunga-ki-Mutu: He Pai engari Kāore i te Ngāwari i ngā Wā Katoa
Ko te ariā o te whakamunatanga pito-ki-pito (E2EE) ko te tikanga ka taea anake te wetewete i ngā rekoata e ngā rōpū whai mana i te mutunga (hei tauira, te rangatira, te kaiwhakahaere rānei), ā, kāore e taea e te kaiwhakarato ratonga kapua te tiro i ngā ihirangi. He painga nui tēnei mō te tūmataitinga, inā koa ka rongoatia, ka tukatukahia rānei ngā rekoata i roto i te kapua.
Heoi anō, he uaua ngā mahi a E2EE:
– Me pēhea te tohatoha i te urunga ki ngā kaimahi haumarutanga me te kore e turuturu te kī?
– Me pēhea te whakaora i ngā raraunga mēnā ka ngaro te kī i te rangatira?
– Me pēhea te rapu tere (hei tauira, te rapu i ngā kaupapa i tētahi wā motuhake) me te kore e pakaru te whakamunatanga?
Heoi, mō ngā wāhi tino tairongo—pērā i ngā whare hauora, ngā whare putunga taonga, ngā tari rānei e pupuri ana i ngā raraunga muna—he mea tika kia whakaarohia te E2EE hei kōwhiringa.
Ngā Mōrearea Motuhake: Te Urunga ā-Roto me te Tūkino Pūkete
Kāore ngā whakaekenga CCTV e ahu mai i waho i ngā wā katoa. He maha ngā wā ka nui ake te morearea o te urunga ā-roto (ngā tūmomo mōrearea o roto) nā te mea he tohu whaimana pea tā te kaiwhakapae. Hei tauira, he tohunga hangarau whai urunga tāutanga, he kaitiaki haumaru ka taea te tārua i ngā ataata, he kaiwhakahaere rānei kei a ia te mana whakahaere katoa mō te pūnaha NVR.
Mā te whakamunatanga ka whakaiti i te pānga, engari kāore e ea katoa. Me whai mana whakahaere anō, pēnei i:
– Mana Uru Ā-Tūranga (RBAC): ka wehea te urunga i runga i ngā tūranga (kaitirotiro, kaiwhakahaere, kaiwhakahaere).
– Rārangi arotake: te tuhi i ia mahi—nā wai i whakatuwhera te rekoata, āhea, me te mea nō tēhea pūrere.
– Manatoko Maha-Tauwehe (MFA) mō te urunga mamao.
– Te tohuwai, te tapuwae mamati rānei i ngā ataata kaweake kia taea ai te whai i ngā turuturu.
Mā te whakakotahitanga o te whakamunatanga me te whakahaere urunga, ka tino whakaitihia te mōrearea o te whakamahi hē.
Te Tuhi i te Pono hei Taunakitanga
I roto i te horopaki tirotiro, kāore e ranea te pupuri noa i te muna. He maha ngā wā ka whakamahia ngā kiriata CCTV hei taunakitanga, nō reira me whakamātau he pono te ataata, ā, kāore i whakarerekētia.
Ko ngā tikanga noa ko:
– Te whakamahi i te hashing (hei tauira, SHA-256) hei whakaputa i te "tohu matimati" o te kōnae tuhi.
– Waitohu mamati hei here i te tohu tāpae ki te tuakiri o te taputapu hopu oro, o te pūnaha rānei.
– Te tānga wā me te tukutahitanga wā (NTP haumaru) hei whakarite kia ōrite ngā rārangi wā o ngā huihuinga.
Ki te tautoko te pūnaha hopu oro i tēnei āhuatanga, ka kaha ake te tukanga taunakitanga i te whakawhirinaki noa ki ngā kōnae ataata mata.
Ngā Tohutohu Whaihua mō te Kōwhiri i tētahi Pūnaha CCTV Haumaru
Mō ngā kaiwhakamahi kāinga, ngā pakihi iti me ngā pakihi iti (MSME), me ngā kamupene, ka taea te whakamahi i ngā tohu e whai ake nei hei aratohu i te aromatawai i ngā pūnaha CCTV:
1. Me whakarite kei te wātea te whakamunatanga i te wā e tukuna ana: kia iti rawa te TLS mō te urunga ki ngā taupānga me te tomokanga tukutuku.
2. Pātai atu mō ngā mōhiohio whakamunatanga i te wā e takoto ana: mēnā kua whakamunatia te kōpae mārō/NAS/kapua, me pēhea te whakahaere i ngā kī.
3. Tautoko i te MFA me te RBAC: inā koa mō ngā whakahaere he maha ngā kaiwhakamahi.
4. Monokia te urunga mamao kāore e hiahiatia: he ngoikore te tuku tauranga i ētahi wā.
5. Ngā whakahoutanga pūmanawa auau: He maha ngā wā ka whakamahia ngā taputapu CCTV mā roto i ngā āputa i roto i ngā pūmanawa tawhito.
6. Whakamahia ngā kupuhipa kaha, ahurei hoki: karohia ngā tohu tuakiri taunoa.
7. Whakahohehia ngā rangitaki arotake me ngā whakamōhiotanga: hei tauira, ngā whakamōhiotanga ina takiuru mai i tētahi pūrere hou.
8. Te wehewehenga whatunga: wehea te whatunga CCTV mai i te whatunga tari matua hei whakawhāiti i te pānga mēnā ka puta he raruraru.
Whakamutunga
He tūāpapa nui te haumarutanga o ngā kiriata CCTV hei pupuri i te tūmataitinga me te pono o ngā pūnaha tirotiro hou. Ka tiakina e te whakamunatanga ngā raraunga mai i te whakarongo puku me te tahae, ā, ka āwhina ngā āhuatanga pono ki te whakarite kia kore e raweketia ngā kiriata. Heoi anō, me hono te whakamunatanga kaha ki te whakahaere kī pakari, ngā mana urunga tino pakari, te aroturukitanga mahi, me ngā mahi haumarutanga pēnei i ngā whakahoutanga pūmanawa auau. Mā te huarahi paparanga, ka taea e ngā kiriata CCTV te mahi pai rawa atu—ehara i te mea hei taputapu aroturuki anake, engari hei puna mōhiohio haumaru, pono, me te kawenga hoki.
Ki te hiahia koe, ka taea e au te whakarerekē i tēnei tuhinga ki tētahi putanga hangarau ake (mō te hangarau mōhiohio/haumarutanga) ki tētahi putanga māmā ake rānei (mō ngā kaiwhakamahi kāinga), tae atu ki te tāpiri i ngā tauira hoahoa me tētahi rārangi arowhai arotake haumarutanga CCTV.
