Te Waehere Ira i roto i te Tuku Iho o ngā Āhuatanga
Ko te tuku iho te tukanga e tukuna ai ngā āhuatanga koiora mai i ngā mātua ki ā rātou uri. He aha pea ka rite te tae o ngā kanohi o te tamaiti ki tōna pāpā, te tae o ngā makawe ki tōna whaea, te āhua rānei e pāngia ana e ētahi āhuatanga hauora? Kei roto i te waehere ira te whakautu, arā, te "reo" koiora e rongoatia ana i roto i te DNA e whakahaere ana i te tipu, te whanaketanga, me te mahi a ngā mea ora. Mā tēnei waehere ira ka tuhia, ka pānuihia, ka tukuna iho hoki ngā mōhiohio āhuatanga mai i tētahi whakatipuranga ki tētahi whakatipuranga.
Te DNA hei putunga mōhiohio ira
Tata ki ia pūtau o te tinana tangata he karihi kei roto e pupuri ana i te DNA (waikawa deoxyribonucleic). Ka taea te whakarite i te DNA ki te pukapuka tohutohu mō te ora. Ko te hanganga o te DNA he porowhita takirua i titoa mai i ngā waeine iti e kiia nei ko ngā nucleotide. Kei roto i ia nucleotide tētahi o ngā turanga hauota e whā: adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C), me te guanine (G). Ko te raupapatanga o ēnei turanga e whā ka noho hei "reta" e hanga ana i te reo ira.
He pumau te hononga turanga i roto i te DNA: Ka takirua a A me T, ko C ia ka takirua me G. He mea nui tēnei ture hononga nā te mea ka taea e te DNA te tārua i a ia anō i te wā e wehea ana ngā pūtau. Mā te tukanga tārua (whakarua) ka whakarite kia whiwhi ngā uri o te pūtau i ngā tohutohu ira ōrite kia mau tonu ai ngā āhuatanga taketake.
Ngā ira, ngā ārele, me ngā chromosomes: ngā kete tohutohu mō te tuku iho
Kāore ngā mōhiohio ira e tohatoha noa ana, engari ka whakaritea kia rite ki ngā wae mahi e kiia nei ko ngā ira. Ko ngā ira he wāhanga o te DNA kei roto ngā tohutohu mō te hanga hua motuhake—ko te nuinga o ngā pūmua—kātahi ka awe i te hanganga me te mahi a te tinana. Ka whakaritea ngā rōpū ira ki roto i ngā chromosomes, arā, he hanganga miro kei roto i te karihi pūtau.
E 46 ngā ira o te tangata, arā, e 23 ngā takirua. Kotahi te ira ira i riro mai i te matua tāne, kotahi i riro mai i te whaea. Koia te take he "rua ngā putanga" o ngā ira maha o te tangata. Ko ngā putanga rerekē o te ira ka kiia he ira whārite. Hei tauira, mō te ira e pā ana ki te tae o ngā kanohi, tera pea he ira whārite e whakaputa ana i te nui ake o te tae (ngā kanohi pōuri) he iti iho rānei te tae (ngā kanohi mārama).
He aha te tikanga o te waehere ira?
Ahakoa e rongoa ana te DNA i ngā mōhiohio, me "whakamāori" tonu e te tinana aua mōhiohio ki tētahi mea e kitea ana. Koinei te wāhi e puta mai ai te ariā o te waehere ira. Ko te waehere ira te huinga ture e hono ana i te raupapa o ngā turanga i roto i te DNA (RNA rānei) ki te raupapa o ngā waikawa amino, arā, ngā poraka hanga o ngā pūmua. Ko ngā pūmua te kawenga mō ngā āhuatanga maha o ngā mea ora: mai i te hanganga o te makawe me te kiri, ki te mahi whākōkī nakunaku, ki te whakahaere i ngā homoni.
Ina "whakakāhia" te ira, ka whakawhitia te DNA ki te RNA (waikawa ribonucleic), inā koa ko te mRNA (RNA karere). Ka haria e te mRNA te karere ira ki ngā ribosome, arā, ngā pūmua e hangaia ana i roto i ngā pūtau. I roto i ngā ribosome, ka pānuihia te karere mRNA e toru ngā turanga i te wā kotahi i roto i ngā waeine e kiia nei ko ngā codon. Ko ia codon e tohu ana i tētahi waikawa amino motuhake, i tētahi tohu motuhake rānei.
Hei tauira, ko te kōtona AUG i roto i te mRNA te tikanga he kōtona tīmatanga, ā, ka waehere mō te waikawa amino methionine. Kei reira anō hoki ngā kōtona whakamutu, pērā i te UAA, UAG, me te UGA, e tohu ana i te mutunga o te hanganga pūmua. Nō reira, ko te raupapatanga o ngā kōtona te mea e whakatau ana i te raupapatanga waikawa amino, ā, koia te mea e whakatau ana i te āhua me te mahi a te pūmua.
He aha te hiranga o te waehere ira i roto i te tuku iho i ngā āhuatanga?
Ko ngā āhuatanga kitea o tētahi rauropi e kiia ana he momo āhua, pērā i te teitei, te tae kiri, te momo toto rānei. Ka hangaia ngā momo āhua mai i te taunekeneke i waenga i te momo āhua (te huinga o ngā ira) me te taiao. Ko te waehere ira te hononga matua i waenga i te momo āhua me te momo āhua, nā te mea ka whakatau ko ēhea ngā pūmua e hangaia ana mai i ngā mōhiohio ira.
Mena ka pāngia tētahi ira e tētahi panoni i roto i tōna raupapatanga turanga—e kiia nei ko te whakarerekētanga ira—ka taea e ngā kōtona te whakarerekē. Ka taea e ngā panoni kōtona te whai pānga iti, nui, kāore rānei he pānga, i runga i te momo whakarerekētanga ira. Hei tauira:
1. Te whakarerekētanga puku: kāore ngā panonitanga turanga e whakarerekē i te waikawa amino nā te mea ka taea e ētahi kōtona te waehere mō te waikawa amino kotahi.
2. Te whakarerekētanga o te ira tangata: ka puta he waikawa amino rerekē i te panonitanga o te turanga, kia rerekē ai te mahi a te pūmua.
3. Te whakarerekētanga koretake: ka hangaia he kōtona aukati e te huringa turanga i te wā wawe rawa, ā, ka poroa te pūmua, ā, kāore e mahi i te nuinga o te wā.
Ka taea e ngā panonitanga o ēnei pūmua te whakaputa ake i ngā rerekētanga o ngā āhuatanga, te whakaputa rānei i ētahi āhuatanga ira.
Ngā tauira tuku iho: te mana matua, te heke, me te uaua ake
Nā Gregor Mendel i whakauru te ariā o te tukunga iho mā roto i āna rangahau mō ngā pī. Mai i reira, ka mōhiotia ngā kupu matua me ngā kupu whakaheke. Ko ngā ira matua ka huna i ngā pānga o ngā ira whakaheke ki te āhua o te ira. Mena he ira matua kotahi, he ira whakaheke kotahi rānei tō te tangata, ko te āhua matua te mea e puta mai ana. Heoi, he maha ngā wā he uaua ake te tukunga iho i roto i te tangata i te mea he matua-whakaheke noa iho.
Ko ētahi o ngā āhuatanga ko:
– Te noho tahi, pērā i te pūnaha rōpū toto ABO, ka taea te whakaatu i ngā ira toto A me B hei hanga i te momo toto AB.
– Te mana kore-oti, ina "kei waenganui" (waenganui) te āhua ira-kē ira-kē i waenganui i ngā āhua ira-kē e rua.
– Ngā āhuatanga maha-ira, arā, ngā āhuatanga e whakahaerehia ana e ngā ira maha i te wā kotahi, hei tauira, te roa, te tae kiri, me ngā au o te taumaha.
Ko te waehere ira tonu te pūtake mō ēnei tauira katoa nā te mea ka whai pānga ia ira ki te hanganga o ngā pūmua, ki te whakahaere rānei i ngā tukanga koiora i roto i te tinana.
Te tūranga o te taiao i roto i te whakapuakitanga o te waehere ira
Ahakoa kei roto i te waehere ira ngā tohutohu, kāore i te whakamahia tonutia ngā tohutohu katoa. He pūnaha whakahaere tō te tinana e whakatau ana ko ēhea ira e kaha ana, e kore rānei e kaha ana i tētahi wā. Hei tauira, he rite tonu te DNA o ngā pūtau kiri me ngā pūtau io engari he rerekē ngā ira e whakaatuhia ana, ā, ka rerekē ngā mahi.
Hei tāpiritanga, ka taea e ngā āhuatanga taiao pēnei i te kai totika, te pānga o te rā, te ahotea, me te momo noho te awe i te whakaaturanga ira. Ko te ako i ngā huringa o te whakaaturanga ira me te kore e whakarerekē i te raupapatanga DNA e mōhiotia ana ko te epigenetics. E kī ana te epigenetics ko te tukunga iho o ngā āhuatanga ehara i te mea ko ngā "reta" o te DNA anake, engari ko te pehea hoki e "pānuihia" ai aua reta me te whakamahinga e ngā pūtau.
Te waehere ira me te hauora
He mea nui te mārama ki te waehere ira i roto i te hauora o ēnei rā. He maha ngā mate he wāhanga ira, pērā i ētahi momo anemia, ngā mate pāwera, te āheinga rānei ki te pāngia e ētahi mate. Mā te tātaritanga DNA, ka taea e ngā tākuta te tautuhi i ngā whakarerekētanga ira ka puta pea te mate, te aromatawai i te mōrearea, me te whakatau i te rongoā tika ake.
Nā ngā whanaketanga hangarau pēnei i te raupapatanga ira me te whanaketanga o te rongoā ira kua huaki ake ngā huarahi hou mō te ārai, te rongoā rānei i ngā mate ira. Heoi anō, mā te whakamahi i tēnei mōhiotanga ka ara ake anō hoki ngā pātai matatika: me pēhea te tiaki i te tūmataitinga o ngā raraunga ira, te whakarite i te urunga tika, me te ārai i te whakahāwea i runga i ngā mōhiohio ira.
Whakamutunga
Ko te waehere ira te pūnaha matua e whakamārama ana i te whakamaoritanga o ngā mōhiohio i roto i te DNA ki roto i ngā pūmua e hanga ana, e whakahaere ana hoki i te ora. I roto i te tukunga iho o ngā āhuatanga, ko te waehere ira te tikanga matua e hono ana i ngā ira i tukuna mai i ngā mātua ki ngā āhuatanga e kitea ana i roto i ngā uri. Ko ngā rerekētanga o ngā raupapatanga turanga, ngā huinga o ngā ira, te whakahaere i te whakaaturanga ira, me ngā awe taiao e hanga tahi ana i te kanorau o ngā āhuatanga i roto i ngā mea ora. Mā te mārama ki te waehere ira, ehara i te mea ka mārama noa tātou ki ngā takenga mai o ngā āhuatanga whānau engari ka whiwhi hoki i tētahi kī nui ki ngā whanaketanga i roto i te koiora, te rongoā, me tō tātou māramatanga ki te ora tonu.
