Hanganga me te Mahi o ngā Kiriuhi Pūtau
He wāhanga nui te kiriuhi pūtau e tautuhi ana i ngā "rohe" o te pūtau. Ehara i te mea he uhi noa iho, engari he hanganga hihiri e whakahaere ana i te whakawhitiwhiti matū, e whiwhi ana i ngā tohu mai i te taiao, e pupuri ana hoki i te pumau o ngā āhuatanga o roto o te pūtau. Ki te kore he kiriuhi pūtau e mahi tika ana, e kore e taea e ngā pūtau te pupuri i te ora nā te mea e kore e taea e rātou te whakahaere i ngā mea e tomo ana, e puta ana, e whakawhitiwhiti kōrero ana, e pupuri ana hoki i tō rātou āhua me te whakaritenga o roto. Ka matapakihia e tēnei tuhinga te hanganga o te kiriuhi pūtau me te āhua e tautoko ana i ana mahi maha.
Te Mārama ki ngā Kiriuhi Pūtau
Ko te kiriuhi pūtau (kiriuhi plasma) he paparanga angiangi e karapoti ana i te pūtau, e wehe ana i te roto o te pūtau (cytoplasm) mai i te taiao o waho. He kiriuhi whiriwhiri tēnei, arā, ko ētahi matū anake ka taea te haere mā roto i te kiriuhi i roto i ngā huarahi motuhake. He mea nui tēnei āhuatanga whiriwhiri hei pupuri i te taurite (homeostasis), pērā i te taumata o te wai, ngā katote, me ngā ngota waro i roto i te pūtau.
Hanganga Kiriuhi Pūtau: Tauira Mosaic Wai
Ko te māramatanga hou mō ngā kiriuhi pūtau e whakamāramahia ana e te tauira mosaic wai. E kī ana tēnei tauira he paparanga ngako "wai" ngā kiriuhi e āhei ai te nekehanga taha o ōna wāhanga, ko ngā pūmua me ētahi atu ngota e marara ana pērā i te mosaic i runga i te mata, e piri ana rānei ki roto.
I te nuinga o te wā, e toru ngā wāhanga matua o ngā kiriuhi pūtau:
1. Ngā ngako (ina koa ko ngā phospholipid)
2. Ngā pūmua kiriuhi
3. Ngā warowaihā (herea ki ngā ngako, ki ngā pūmua rānei)
Hei tāpiritanga, kei roto i ngā kiriuhi pūtau kararehe te cholesterol, ā, he mahi tēnei ki te whakahaere i te pakari me te rere o te wai.
1. Ngā Phospholipid: Te Wāhanga Matua o te Aparanga-rua
Ko ngā phospholipid he ngota ngota e rua ngā wāhanga, ā, he rerekē ngā āhuatanga:
– He pai ki te wai te pane phosphate
– He waikore ngā hiku waikawa ngako (kāore e pai ki te wai)
Nā te mea kei roto ngā pūtau i te taiao wai (i roto, i waho hoki), ka hangaia e ngā phospholipid he paparanga rua: ka anga ngā pane phosphate ki te wai o waho me te cytoplasm, ko ngā hiku hydrophobic ia ka anga tetahi ki tetahi i waenganui o te membrane. Ka whakaratohia e tēnei hanganga paparanga rua he ārai taketake mō te maha o ngā matū, inā koa ngā ngota ine utu me ngā ngota nui porotaka.
2. Cholesterol: Te Pupuri i te Rerenga o te Kiriuhi
I roto i ngā pūtau kararehe, kei roto i ngā phospholipids te cholesterol. Ko tāna mahi he whakau i te kiriuhi:
– I ngā pāmahana tiketike, ka whakaitihia e te cholesterol te nekehanga o ngā phospholipids kia kore ai e tino wai te kiriuhi.
– I ngā pāmahana iti, ka ārai te cholesterol i te piri rawa o ngā phospholipids kia kore ai e tino pakari te kiriuhi.
Nō reira, ka āwhina te cholesterol i te kiriuhi kia noho i roto i te āhua tino pai mō te mahi.
3. Ngā Pūmua Kiriuhi: Ngā Mīhini Mahi o ngā Kiriuhi
Ko ngā pūmua ngā wāhanga "tino mahi" o ngā kiriuhi nā te mea he maha ngā mahi motuhake e mahia ana e rātou. E rua ngā āhua matua o ngā pūmua kiriuhi:
– Ngā pūmua whakauru (whakawhiti-kiri): kua mau ki roto i te paparanga-rua, he maha ngā wā ka uru mai i tētahi taha ki tētahi taha.
– Ngā pūmua taha: e piri ana ki te mata o te kiriuhi, e taunekeneke ana ki ngā pūmua whakauru, ki ngā rohe pane phospholipid rānei.
Ka taea e ngā pūmua membrane te mahi hei hongere, hei kaikawe, hei kaiwhakawhiwhi, hei whākōkī, hei hononga hanganga rānei ki ētahi atu pūtau.
4. Warowaihā: Te Tuakiri Pūtau me te Whakawhitiwhiti Kōrero
Kei te mata o waho o te pūtau ngā warowaihā i roto i te kiriuhi, ā, ka herea ki:
– Pūmua (ka hanga glycoprotein)
– Ngā Ngako (e hanga ana i ngā ngako kiripaka)
Ko tēnei kohinga warowaihā me ngā ngota e pā ana ki te mata e kiia ana ko te glycocalyx. Ko te glycocalyx te "tapanga tuakiri" o te pūtau, e āwhina ana i te mōhiotanga pūtau-ki-pūtau (hei tauira, ko ngā pūtau ārai mate e mōhio ana ki ō rātou ake pūtau), ā, he mahi tāna i roto i te piri me te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero.
Ngā Āhuatanga Hira o ngā Kiriuhi Pūtau
He maha ngā āhuatanga motuhake o ngā kiriuhi pūtau:
– Āhei te uru ki roto: kāore e taea e ngā matū katoa te uru noa.
– Ngāwari, hihiri hoki: ka taea e ngā wāhanga te neke, ā, ka taea e te kiriuhi te huri i te āhua.
– Kāore i te ōrite: he rerekē te hanganga o ngā wāhanga o waho me roto o te kiriuhi (hei tauira, ko ngā warowaihā e anga ana ki waho).
– Ka taea te hanga i ngā pūwero: ka taea ai ngā tukanga o te endocytosis me te exocytosis.
Nā ēnei āhuatanga ka kore te kiriuhi e waiho hei ārai noa iho, engari hei hanganga "ora" me te urupare.
Te Mahi a te Kiriuhi Pūtau
He maha ngā mahi nui e tautokona ana e te hanganga o te kiriuhi pūtau. Ko ngā mahi matua o te kiriuhi pūtau me ā rātou tikanga e whai ake nei.
1. Te Whakahaere i te Tomokanga me te Putanga o ngā Matū (Te Kawenga o te Kiriuhi)
E rua ngā ara matua e whakahaeretia ana e te kiriuhi pūtau: te kawe kore mahi me te kawe hohe.
a. Te Kawenga Ātaahua
Ka puta te kawe korehau me te kore he pūngao (ATP) nā te mea e whai ana i te pikinga kukū (mai i te tiketike ki te iti).
– Te horapa māmā: ka neke tika ngā ngota iti kore-poari pērā i te O₂ me te CO₂ puta noa i te paparanga rua.
– Te horapa ngāwari: ka haere ngā matū porotaka, ngā matū kua utaina rānei (hei tauira, te kūhuka me ngā katote) mā roto i ngā pūmua hongere, i ngā pūmua kawe rānei.
– Te osmosis: te nekehanga o te wai mā roto i te kiriuhi, i te nuinga o te wā mā roto i ngā pūmua o te awa wai e kiia nei ko ngā aquaporin.
b. Te Kawenga Kaha
Me whai pūngao te kawe hohe nā te mea ka neke ki te rerekētanga kukū.
– Ka pupuri ngā papu katote pērā i te papu konutai-pāhare pākawa (Na⁺/K⁺) i roto i ngā pūtau kararehe i ngā rerekētanga kukū katote, he mea nui mō ngā nekehanga io me te taurite osmotic.
– Ka whakamahia e te kawe-ā-rua (kawe-tuarua) te rōnaki katote kua hangaia hei "tō" i ētahi atu ngota ki roto, ki waho hoki.
2. Te Whakawhitiwhiti Kōrero Pūtau: Ngā Kaiwhakawhiwhi me te Whakawhiti Tohu
Mā te kiriuhi pūtau ka taea e ngā pūtau te urupare ki tō rātou taiao mā roto i ngā kaiwhakawhiwhi pūmua. Ina herea he ngota tohu (pērā i te homoni) ki tētahi kaiwhakawhiwhi, ka puta he raupapa o ngā tauhohenga i roto i te pūtau e kiia nei ko te whakawhiti tohu. Ka whakahaeretia e tēnei tukanga ngā mahi maha, pērā i te wehenga pūtau, te pākia o te pūtau, te nekehanga pūtau, me te hanga o ētahi pūmua.
3. Te Tiaki me te Pupuri i te Homeostasis
Ka pupuri te kiriuhi pūtau i ngā āhuatanga o roto kia pumau. Mā te whakahaere i ngā katote, ngā matūkai, me te rahinga wai, ka taea e ngā pūtau te pupuri i te pH, te kukū o te matūkai, me te taiao e tautoko ana i te mahi a ngā whākōkī. Mēnā ka whakararuraruhia te homeostasis, ka pupuhi, ka mimiti, ka pakaru rānei ngā pūtau.
4. Te Piritanga me te Hanganga o te Kiko
I roto i ngā rauropi maha-pūtau, ka whai wāhi ngā kiriuhi pūtau ki te hono i ngā pūtau tetahi ki tetahi mā roto i:
– Pūmua piri pūtau
– Ngā hanganga hono i waenga i ngā pūtau (ngā hononga), pērā i ngā hononga piripono, ngā desmosome, me ngā hononga āputa i roto i ngā kararehe
He mea nui tēnei piri mō te hanga kiko kaha, te pupuri i te hanganga okana, me te tuku i te mahi tahi i waenga i ngā pūtau.
5. Te Kawe i ngā Matū Nui: Te Endositosis me te Exositosis
Ka taea te neke i ngā matū nunui kāore e taea te haere mā roto i ngā awaawa, i ngā kaikawe rānei mā roto i ngā pūwero.
– Endositosis: ka piko te kiriuhi ki roto hei hanga i ngā pūwero hei tango i ngā matū. Hei tauira, ko te phagocytosis (te horomi i ngā matūriki nunui) me te pinositosis (te tango wai).
– Exocytosis: ka honoa ngā pūmua o roto i te pūtau ki te kiriuhi hei tuku i ngā matū, hei tauira te tukunga o ngā homoni, ngā whākōkī rānei.
E whakaatu ana tēnei tukanga ka taea e te kiriuhi te huri i te āhua me te "taunekeneke" kaha ki te taiao.
6. Te wāhi e puta ai ētahi mahi whākōkī
Ka piri ētahi whākōkī ki ngā kiriuhi, ā, ka mahi i reira. Hei tauira, kei roto i ngā kiriuhi okana (pērā i ngā mitochondria me ngā chloroplast) ngā raupapatanga pūmua e tino hira ana mō te whakaputa pūngao. Ahakoa ka puta tēnei i roto i ngā kiriuhi okana, he rite tonu ngā mātāpono o tō rātou hanganga me te mahi ki ērā o ngā kiriuhi plasma.
Whakamutunga
He hanganga nui te kiriuhi pūtau e mahi ana hei rohe, hei kaiwhakahaere matua hoki mō te oranga o te pūtau. I hangaia i runga i te tauira mosaic wai, ko te kiriuhi he mea hanga mai i tētahi paparanga rua phospholipid ngāwari kua whai kiko ki te cholesterol (i roto i ngā kararehe), ngā pūmua e mahi ana i ngā mahi maha, me ngā warowaihā e tautoko ana i te tuakiri me te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero o te pūtau. Ko ngā mahi a te kiriuhi pūtau ko te whakahaere i te kawe matū, te whiwhinga tohu, te tiaki me te homeostasis, te pirihono i waenga i ngā pūtau, me te endocytosis me te exocytosis. He mārama te whanaungatanga i waenga i te hanganga me te mahi: he mahi motuhake tā ia wāhanga kiriuhi, ā, ka mahi tahi katoa kia ora ai te pūtau me te mahi tika i roto i te tinana ora.
Ki te hiahia koe, ka taea e au te whakarerekē i tēnei tuhinga hei putanga mō ngā ākonga kura tuarua/waenga, te tāpiri pikitia/kaupapa māmā, te waihanga rānei i tētahi whakarāpopototanga whārangi-kotahi me ngā pātai whakaharatau.
