Hanganga me te Mahi o te Reticulum Endoplasmic (ER)
He wāhanga nui te reticulum endoplasmic (ER) o ngā pūtau eukaryotic, ā, he mahi nui tāna i roto i ngā tukanga koiora maha. Ka whakamāramahia e tēnei tuhinga te hanganga me te mahi a te ER, me te whakarato i ngā māramatanga taipitopito mō te hiranga o tēnei hanganga ki te oranga pūtau.
Hanganga ER
He hanganga nui te ER, he rite ki te rīpene, e toro atu ana puta noa i te cytoplasm o te pūtau. I runga i tōna hanganga me tana mahi, ka taea te wehewehe i te ER kia rua ngā momo: te ER taratara (RER) me te ER maeneene (SER).
ER Taratara (RER)
I tapaina pērātia te RER nā te mea he mea kapi tōna mata i ngā ribosome, e hoatu ana he āhua taratara, he āhua kōwhaiwhai rānei i raro i te karu hikohiko. Ko ēnei ribosome te wāhi o te hanganga pūmua, ā, e piri ana ki te kiriuhi o waho o te ER taratara. He hononga tata te hanganga o te RER ki ngā tukanga whakawhiti me te whakamāori e whai wāhi ana ki te hanganga pūmua.
ER Maeneene (SER)
Engari, kāore he ribosome i te mata o te SER, ā, he maeneene ake tōna āhua. He maha ngā mahi nui a te SER, pērā i te hanga lipid, te pākia o te warowaihā, me te tango paitini i ngā matū kino.
E marara ana ēnei momo ER e rua puta noa i te cytoplasm, ā, e hono ana tetahi ki tetahi, ka hanga he whatunga membrane tonu. Ko te āhuatanga o tēnei hanganga ER he lumen wai kei roto e wehea ana mai i te cytosol e te membrane ER.
Ngā Mahi ER
Ka rerekē pea te mahi a te ER i runga i tōna momo (RER, SER rānei), engari i te nuinga o te wā, he mahi tā te ER i roto i te whakaputa, te tukatuka, me te kawe i ngā macromolecules nui. Ko ngā mahi matua o ia momo ER ēnei:
Mahi ER Matariki
1. Te Hanganga Pūmua: Ko te RER te wāhi matua mō te hanga o ngā pūmua huna, kiriuhi, me ngā pūmua lysosomal. Ko ngā pūmua i hangaia e ngā ribosome i runga i te mata o te RER ka whakamāoritia tika ki roto i te lumen ER, ka taea ai te whakarerekē anō.
2. Glycosylation: Ko te tukanga tāpiri mekameka warowaihā ki ngā pūmua, arā, te glycosylation, ka puta i roto i te RER. He mea nui tēnei whakarerekētanga kia tika ai te mahi me te pumau o ngā pūmua.
3. Te Whakamahinga me te Kawe Pūmua: Whai muri i te hanganga me te whakarerekētanga, ka taea te tākai i ngā pūmua ki roto i ngā pūmua ka tukuna ki te Taputapu Golgi mō ētahi atu whakarerekētanga, ki ētahi atu wāhi rānei i roto i te pūtau.
Mahi ER Maeneene
1. Te Hanganga Ngako: He mahi tā te SER i roto i te hanga me te pākia o ngā ngako me ngā phospholipid, arā, ngā wāhanga nui o ngā kiriuhi pūtau. Ka puta anō hoki te hanga steroids, tae atu ki ngā homoni steroids i roto i ētahi okana pērā i ngā repe adrenal me ngā gonads, i roto i te SER.
2. Te Pūnaha Whakapūngao Warowaihā: Kei roto i tēnei mahi te hurihanga o te hukahuka-6-phosphate ki te hukahuka i roto i te tukanga o te gluconeogenesis. He mahi nui tā te SER ki te whakahaere i ngā taumata huka toto.
3. Te Whakakore i ngā Paitini: Kei roto i te SER i roto i te ate ngā whākōkī ka taea te whakarerekē i ngā matū kino kia taea ai te tango atu i te tinana (whakakore paitini). Kei roto i tēnei ko te pākia o ngā rongoā me ngā paitini.
4. Te Rokiroki Konupūmā: Ko te ER Maeneene te kawenga mō te whakahaere i te rokiroki me te tukunga o ngā katote konupūmā, he mea nui ēnei hei tohu mō ngā tukanga ā-tinana, tae atu ki te whakaheke uaua me te tukunga o ngā neurotransmitter.
Te taunekeneke o te ER me ētahi atu whekau
Kāore te ER e mahi takitahi engari he tata tonu tana mahi tahi me ētahi atu okana i roto i te pūtau.
Ngā taputapu Golgi
I muri i te hanganga o ngā pūmua i roto i te RER, ka tākaihia ki roto i ngā vesicles ka haria ki te taputapu Golgi. I reira, ka pāngia pea rātou e ētahi atu whakarerekētanga pēnei i te glycosylation anō, te whakaritenga anō o tō rātou hanganga toru-ahu, te tāpiri rānei i ngā rōpū phosphate.
Ngā lysosome
I ētahi wā, me tango ngā pūmua hē, ngā pūmua taikaha rānei. Ka āwhina te ER ki te kawe i ēnei pūmua kia pirau i roto i ngā lysosomes, i ngā proteasomes rānei.
Kiriuhi Plasma
He maha ngā pūmua me ngā ngako i hangaia e te ER ka tukuna ki te kiriuhi plasma hei whakakapi i ngā wāhanga kiriuhi kua pakaru, hei tukanga rānei o te exocytosis (te tango i ngā rauemi mai i te pūtau).
Mitokondria
Ka kōrero te ER me te mitochondria mā roto i ngā hononga ā-tinana e uru ana ki te whakahaere i te tohatoha ngako me te whakahaere i te homeostasis konupūmā, he mea nui ēnei e rua mō te whakaputa pūngao me te mahi pākia o te pūtau.
Ngā Mate o te Mahi ER
Ka taea e ngā raruraru o te hanganga, o te mahi rānei o te ER te whakaputa i ngā momo mate. Hei tauira, ko te ahotea ER, he āhuatanga e kohia ai ngā pūmua kua takai hē ki roto i te ER, ka taea te arahi ki ētahi mate pirau pērā i te mate huka, te mate a Alzheimer, me te mate pukupuku.
Te ahotea o te ER me te UPR
Ina pāngia ngā pūtau e te ahotea ER, ka whakahohehia he tikanga e mōhiotia ana ko te "Unfolded Protein Response" (UPR). Ko te whāinga o te UPR he whakahoki mai i te mahi noa mā te whakaiti i te hanga pūmua me te whakanui ake i te kaha takai pūmua o te ER. Heoi, ki te mau tonu te ahotea ER, ā, kāore e whakatauhia, ka taea e ia te whakaoho i te apoptosis (te mate pūtau kua whakaritea).
Ngā Mate e Pā Ana ki te Ngako
Ka pāngia te pākia o te ngako e ngā āhuatanga rerekē o te mahi SER, ā, ka mutu, ka arahi atu tēnei ki te mate ate ngako, te atherosclerosis, me ētahi atu mate pākia o te tinana.
Whakamutunga
He tino hira te reticulum endoplasmic me ōna mahi maha i roto i te hanga pūmua me te kawe ngako, te pākia o te warowaihā, me te tango i ngā matū paitini. He rerekē rawa ngā mahi a ngā momo ER e rua, arā, te ER taratara me te ER maeneene, engari he mahi tahi tā rāua ki te pupuri i te homeostasis me te mahi a te pūtau. Ka pā kino pea ngā whakararuraru i te mahi a te ER, ā, ka whai wāhi atu ki te whanaketanga o ngā mate maha. Nō reira, he mea nui te mārama ki te hanganga me te mahi a te ER, me tōna mahi i roto i ngā pūtau, hei mārama ki te koiora pūtau me te pathogenesis o te mate.
