Te Āhua me te Hanganga o ngā Manu Āmipiana
He rōpū kararehe whai tuarā ahurei ngā amphibian nā te mea ka taea e rātou te noho i roto i ngā taiao wai me ngā taiao whenua. Nā tēnei i tapaina ai rātou ko "amphibian," ko tōna tikanga he "ora takirua." Ko te kupu Ingarihi "amphibian" i ahu mai i te kupu Kariki "amphibios," ko tōna tikanga he "ora takirua." Me whai urutaunga āhua me te āhua tinana whakamiharo tēnei urutaunga. Ka rukuhia e tēnei tuhinga te āhua me te hanganga tinana o ngā amphibian, e kapi ana i ngā āhuatanga tinana, ngā pūnaha okana, me ngā urutaunga e āhei ai rātou ki te ora i roto i ngā taiao e rua.
Te āhua o ngā kararehe mohoao
Ko te āhua o ngā kararehe te ako i te āhua me te hanganga o ngā rauropi. He whānuitia ngā āhua me ngā hanganga o ngā amphibian i runga i te momo, engari ka kitea ētahi āhuatanga noa i roto i te nuinga o ngā amphibian.
Āhua o te tinana
E toru ngā rōpū matua o ngā ika whenua: he poroka me he tōtara (te ota Anura), he salamander me he triton (te ota Caudata), me he caecilia (te ota Gymnophiona). He poto, he pakari ngā tinana o ngā poroka me ngā tōtara, he roa, he kaha hoki ō rātou waewae ki muri hei peke. He roa ake, he angiangi ake ngā tinana o ngā salamander, he poto hoki ō rātou waewae, ā, he rite tonu ki te mokomoko te āhua. He ika whenua kore waewae ngā caecilia, he roa, he porotaka ngā tinana, he rite ki ngā noke nunui, ki ngā tuna rānei.
Kiriti
He mea nui te kiri o ngā ika whenua hei pupuri i te makuku me te manawa. Kāore i rite ki ngā ngārara, he makuku te kiri o ngā ika whenua, ā, kei roto ngā repe hūpē e whakaputa ana i te hūpē. Ka āwhina tēnei hūpē ki te pupuri i te makuku o te kiri, he mea nui mō te manawa o te kiri. He repe paitini anō hoki kei roto i te kiri o ētahi momo, ka taea te whakaputa i ngā matū paitini hei arai i ngā kaipahua.
He tino uruhanga te kiri o ngā ika whenua, ā, ka taea e rātou te mimiti tika i te wai me te hāora mā roto. He mea nui tēnei i roto i ngā taiao wai, ā, he tino whai hua i runga i te whenua, inā koa i ngā āhuatanga haumākū me te maku.
Waewae me ngā Maikuku
He roa, he kaha hoki ngā waewae o muri o ngā poroka me ngā pepeke, ā, ka taea e rātou te peke tawhiti. He waewae whatuwhatu anō hoki ō rātou, ā, ka māmā ake te kauhoe i te wai. He poto ngā waewae me ngā matimati o ngā salamander, ā, ka māmā ake te ngoki ki uta me te kauhoe. Ko ngā Caecilia ia, kāore he waewae, ā, he uaua ō rātou tinana hei ngoki i roto i te oneone, i ngā para rānei o te ngahere.
Anatomi o ngā Iwi Āmipi
Ko te hanganga tinana te ako i te hanganga o roto o ngā rauropi. E whakaatu ana te hanganga tinana o ngā ika whenua i ngā urutaunga whakamiharo ki te ora i roto i ngā taiao wai me ngā taiao whenua.
Pūnaha Manawa
He rerekē ngā pūnaha manawa o ngā amphibian, tae atu ki te manawa mā roto i ngā pukahukahu, te kiri, ā, i ētahi wā, ki ngā pihanga.
– Ngā Pūkahukahu: He tino māmā noa iho ngā pūkahukahu amphibian ki te whakatauritea ki ngā pūkahukahu mammal. He pēke, he pūkahukahu rānei kei roto, e mahi ana hei pupuri i te hau. Ko te manawa mā te whakamahi i ngā pūkahukahu ka mahia mā te horomi i te hau, he tukanga e mōhiotia ana ko te "papu waha".
– Kiri: E ai ki te kōrero, he mahi nui tā te kiri i roto i te manawa. He maha ngā amphibian ka taea te whakawhiti hau tika mā roto i ō rātou kiri. He mea nui rawa tēnei ina kei roto rātou i te wai, ka taea te mimiti tika i te hāora mai i te taiao e karapoti ana.
– Ngā Pipi: Ko ngā pipi ka kitea i te wā torongū o ngā amphibians, pērā i ngā pepeke poroka. Ka taea e rātou te manawa i raro i te wai. Ina huri hei pakeke i roto i te tukanga e kiia nei ko te metamorphosis, ka ngaro ngā pipi ka whakakapia e ngā pukahukahu.
Pūnaha Tohanga Rere
E rua ngā momo o te pūnaha tohanga toto o ngā ika whenua i tōna roanga oranga: te pūnaha tohanga toto takirua me te pūnaha tohanga toto kotahi.
– Pūnaha Tohanga Rere Rua: E toru ngā rūma o te ngākau o ngā amphibian pakeke, arā, e rua ngā atria me te kotahi te ventricle. Mā tēnei pūnaha tohanga rere rua ka taea te tuku toto ki ngā pukahukahu mō te hāora, kātahi ka whakahokia ki te ngākau i mua i te tohatoha puta noa i te tinana.
– Pūnaha Tohanga Kotahi: I roto i ngā torongū me ētahi salamander wai, ka puta te tohanga toto mā roto i ngā pihapiha me te tohanga kotahi.
Pūnaha nakunaku
He rite tonu te pūnaha nakunaku o ngā amphibian ki ērā o ētahi atu vertebrate engari he rerekē ngā urutaunga mō ā rātou momo kai.
– Waha me ngā Niho: He niho kei te kauae o runga o te nuinga o ngā amphibian hei āwhina i a rātou ki te hopu me te pupuri i ā rātou kai. He pai te arero piri, e pupū ake ana mō te hopu pepeke me ētahi atu kai iti.
– Puku me ngā Whēkau: Ko te puku te wāhi tuatahi o te nakunaku, me ngā whākōkī me ngā waikawa e wawahi ana i te kai. Ka mimitihia e ngā whekau ngā matūkai, ā, ka rerekē te roa me te uaua i runga i te kai motuhake a te momo.
Te Pūnaha Io me ngā Māramatanga
Ko te pūnaha io o ngā amphibians he roro, he taurakira, me ngā io ā-taha. E rima ngā wāhanga matua o te roro: te telencephalon, te diencephalon, te midbrain, te metencephalon, me te myelencephalon. Ahakoa he tino māmā ō rātou roro ki te whakataurite ki ngā mamara, he tino whanake ō rātou kare ā-roto hei oranga i roto i tō rātou taiao.
– Tirohanga: He nui, he mārama hoki ngā kanohi o ngā ika whenua, ā, he pai te tirohanga i ngā wā pōuri. He kiriuhi nictitating, arā, he kamo tuatoru, hei tiaki i ō rātou kanohi ina kei raro i te wai.
– Te Whakarongo: He taringa waenga tō ngā amphibian me te wheua taringa kotahi, e kiia nei ko te "columella," e kawe ana i te oro mai i te rangi ki te taringa o roto. He kiriuhi tympanic kitea kei muri i ngā kanohi o ngā poroka, e mahi ana hei pahu taringa.
– Ētahi atu Pūrongo: He pūnaha raina taha anō hoki tō ngā ika (pērā i te ika) hei āwhina i a rātou ki te kite i ngā nekehanga me ngā wiri i roto i te wai. Mā te okana Jacobson i te tuanui o ō rātou waha ka āwhina i a rātou ki te kite i ngā matū i roto i tō rātou taiao.
Te Urutau ki te Taiao
Ko tētahi o ngā āhuatanga tino kitea o ngā amphibians ko tō rātou kaha ki te urutau ki ngā momo taiao rerekē. Ko ētahi o ngā urutau matua ko:
– Te Huringa Tauira: Ko te huringa ora o ngā amphibians he hurihanga mai i te torongū wai he pihanga ki te pakeke whenua he pukahukahu. Mā te wāhanga torongū ka taea e rātou te ora i roto i ngā taiao wai, mā te wāhanga pakeke ka taea e rātou te tūhura i te whenua.
– Parenga Matū: He maha ngā ika whenua he repe kiri ā rātou ka taea te whakaputa matū paitini hei tiaki i a rātou anō mai i ngā kaipahua.
– Te Huna me te Tae Āposematic: Kei ētahi momo te kaha ki te huri tae hei huna i a rātou mai i ngā kaipahua (huna), ko ētahi ia he tae kanapa hei whakatūpato i ngā kaipahua mō te paitini, mō te aroaro rānei o ētahi atu parepare (tae āposematic).
Whakamutunga
He rōpū kararehe whakamīharo ngā amphibian, ā, he tino pai ō rātou urutaunga āhua me ō rātou hanganga tinana, ā, ka taea e rātou te noho ki ngā taiao wai me ngā taiao whenua. Mai i te kiri uruhanga e āhei ai te manawa me te mimiti wai ki tētahi pūnaha tohanga toto takirua e tautoko ana i te whakawhiti hau whai hua, he tino rerekē ngā hanganga me ngā mahi a ngā amphibian. Ko te mārama ake ki ō rātou āhua me ō rātou hanganga tinana, ehara i te mea ka mārama ki te whanaketanga me te urutau anake, engari he mea nui anō hoki mō ngā mahi tiaki, nā te mea he maha ngā momo amphibian kei te mōrearea i tēnei wā nā te huringa taiao me ngā mahi a te tangata.
