Ngā Hua o te Harore mō te Ahumahi
Pendahuluan
Ko ngā harore, he rōpū rauropi rānei nō te rangatiratanga o ngā harore, kei roto ko ngā momo momo pērā i te rewena, te pokepokea ai, me ngā harore tūturu. He mahi nui tā ngā harore ki te taiao i roto i ngā momo rauropi nā te mea ka taea e rātou te pirau i ngā mea rauropi. Heoi, he tokomaha te hunga kāore i te mōhio he whānuitia ngā whakamahinga o ngā harore i roto i ngā momo ahumahi. Mai i te hanga kai me te inu ki ngā rongoā, me te rangahau me te hangarau e whanake tonu ana, he nui ngā painga o ngā harore ki te ahunga whakamua o te ahumahi. Ka arotakehia e tēnei tuhinga ngā whakamahinga rerekē o ngā harore i roto i ngā momo ahumahi me ngā painga e kawea mai ana e rātou.
Ngā Harore i roto i te Ahumahi Kai
Te whakapūkara
Ko tētahi o ngā takoha nui a te harore ki te ahumahi ko te tukanga whakapūkara. Ko te whakapūkara he tukanga matū koiora e hurihia ai e ngā harore, pērā i te rewena (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), te huka hei waipiro me te hauhā waro. Koinei te pūtake mō te hanga i ngā momo hua kai me te inu pērā i te waina, te pia, te taro, me te tiihi.
1. Te Hanga Taro: Ka āwhina te rewena ki te whakanui i te paraoa taro mā te whakaputa hau waro hauhā e piki ai te taro, e māmā ai hoki te kakano.
2. Te Hanga Pia me te Waina: I roto i te umanga inu waipiro, ka whakapūpū te rewena i ngā huka i roto i ngā witi me ngā hua hei whakaputa waipiro. He mea nui tēnei tukanga ki te pia me te hanga waina.
3. Tīhi me ngā Hua Miraka Whakarewa: He maha ngā momo harore, pērā i te Penicillium, e whakamahia ana i roto i te hanga tīhi kikorangi, ā, mā ngā harore ka hoatu te kakara me te reka motuhake ki te tīhi.
Te Tukatuka Kai
He mahi nui anō tā ngā harore i roto i te tukatuka kai. Ka taea te whakamahi i ngā whākōkī e whakaputaina ana e rātou hei wawahi i ngā rauemi rauropi uaua ki ngā āhua māmā ake, ngāwari ake te nakunaku. Hei tauira, ka whakamahia a Aspergillus oryzae ki te hanga i te ranu soya me te miso, arā, ngā hua soya whakapūkara e rongonui ana i roto i ngā kai Āhia.
Ngā Harore i roto i te Ahumahi Rongoā
Ngā rongoā paturopi
Ko te kitenga o te penicillin e Alexander Fleming tētahi o ngā kaupapa nui rawa atu i roto i te rongoā. Ko te penicillin, i hangaia e te harore Penicillium chrysogenum, te paturopi tuatahi i kitea, ā, kua ora ai te miriona o ngā tāngata mai i tōna whakamahinga. Mai i taua wā, kua kitea ētahi atu paturopi i hangaia e ngā harore, pērā i ngā cephalosporins me ngā griseofulvin.
Ngā Kaiwhakaora Ārai Matepukupuku me ngā Ākena Whakaora Matepukupuku
Ka whakaputahia e ētahi harore ngā matū koiora e whai mana ana hei ārai matepukupuku me te ārai mate. Hei tauira, ko te polysaccharide krestin (PSK), i tangohia mai i te Coriolus versicolor, he harore rakau, kua whakamahia hei rongoā matepukupuku hei whakarei ake i te pūnaha ārai mate.
Te Hanga Huaora
Ko ngā harore pēnei i a Ashbya gossypii e whakamahia ana i roto i te hanga arumoni o te huaora B2 (riboflavin). He huaora nui te Riboflavin mō te pākia o te pūngao me te mahi noa o ngā pūtau.
Ngā Harore i roto i te Ahumahi Hangarau Koiora
Te Hanganga Whākōkī
He kaihanga taiao ngā harore i ngā momo whākōkī e tino whai hua ana i roto i ngā momo tukanga ahumahi. Kei roto i ēnei whākōkī ko ngā protease, ngā lipase, ngā cellulase, me ngā amylases, e whakamahia ana i roto i te hanga hopi horoi, te tukatuka kai, te hanga wahie koiora, me te tukatuka para.
1. Hopi horoi: Ka whakamahia ngā porotease i hangaia e te harore i roto i ngā hopi horoi hei āwhina i te wawahi i ngā pūmua me te tango i ngā paru uaua ki ngā kākahu.
2. Wahie koiora: Ka whakamahia te cellulase hei huri i te koiora lignocellulosic hei huka ka taea te whakapūkara hei etanoru, he wahie koiora e pai ake ana ki te taiao.
3. Te Maimoatanga Para: Ka taea te whakamahi i ngā harore i roto i te whakaora koiora hei wawahi i ngā poke waro me ngā konganuku taumaha mai i te oneone me te wai.
Te Hanga Waikawa Waro
He harore whānuitia te Aspergillus niger e whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i te hanga waikawa citric me te waikawa gluconic, e rua ngā matū e whakamahia whānuitia ana mō ngā mahi ahumahi. Ka whakamahia te waikawa citric hei mea tiaki me te whakarei ake i te reka i roto i te umanga kai me te inu, me te whakauru taketake hoki i roto i ngā hopi horoi me ngā rongoā.
Ngā Harore i roto i te Ahumahi Kakahu
Te kanikani
Kei roto i ngā harore ngā tae māori ka taea te whakamahi hei tae kakahu, ā, he pai ake mō te taiao i ngā tae hangai. Ka whakaputa ētahi momo harore i ngā tae ka taea te hoatu tae kanapa ki ngā kakahu me te pumau o te tae.
Ngā whākōkī mō te Tukatuka Kakahu
Ka whakamahia hoki ngā whākōkī i hangaia e te harore ki te tukatuka kakahu. Hei tauira, ka taea te whakamahi i ngā whākōkī amylase hei tango i te māngaro (te rahi) mai i te kakahu, hei āwhina i te whakapai ake i tōna kounga me tōna roa.
Ngā Harore i roto i te Ahuwhenua
Kaiwhakamate Pest
Ko ngā harore pēnei i te Beauveria bassiana me te Metarhizium anisopliae e whakamahia ana hei patu pepeke koiora hei whakahaere i ngā taupori pepeke. Ka taea e rātou te pangia me te patu i ngā pepeke i tētahi huarahi e kore e kino ki ngā tipu, ki te taiao rānei, ā, he huarahi haumaru ake i ngā patu pepeke matū.
tongi koiora
Mā te whakawhanui i ngā pūnaha pakiaka, ka āwhina ngā harore mycorrhizal ki te whakanui ake i te mimiti o ngā matūkai i roto i ngā tipu. Ka taea e rātou te whakapai ake i te wātea o te phosphorus, te hauota, me ētahi atu matūkai, te whakapakari i te ātete o te tipu ki te mate, me te whakarei ake i te tipu o te tipu.
Whakamutunga
He rōpū rauropi tino maha ngā momo harore, he nui ngā painga puta noa i te whānuitanga o ngā rāngai ahumahi. Mai i te whakapūkara me te tukatuka kai ki ngā rongoā, te hangarau koiora, ngā kakahu, me te ahuwhenua, ko te whakamahinga o ngā harore i roto i te ahumahi ehara i te mea ka whakapai ake i te whai huatanga me te kounga o ngā hua engari ka tukuna atu hoki he otinga e pai ake ana ki te taiao me te pumau. Mā te rangahau tonu, tera pea ka whānui ake te tūranga o ngā harore i roto i te ahumahi, ka arahi atu ki ngā mahi auaha me ngā whanaketanga puta noa i te whānuitanga o ngā mara.
I runga i te whānuitanga o ngā painga me te pūmanawa o te harore, he mea nui kia haere tonu tā tātou whakatairanga i te rangahau me te tūhuratanga hōhonu. Mā tēnei, ka taea e tātou te whakamahi pai ake i ō rātou āheinga me te whai wāhi atu ki ngā otinga auaha hei tautoko i te whanaketanga o ngā momo rāngai ahumahi.
