Te Taiao me te Oranga o te Ngāhere Pakau
He pūnaha rauropi te ngahere pāma, he mea e kitea ana he māmā noa iho: he whānui matotoru o ngā kakau kikokore, kapi tonu, e rūrū ana i te hau, e tuku ana i te tangi haruru motuhake. Engari i raro i taua whakaaro, kei roto i te ngahere pāma tētahi pūnaha rauropi uaua. Ehara i te mea he wāhi tupu noa iho ngā tipu pāma, engari he kāinga hoki mō ngā momo rauropi kanorau—mai i ngā moroiti oneone ki ngā manu, ngā kararehe iti, me ngā tāngata e whakawhirinaki ana ki ngā hua ngahere ehara i te rakau hei oranga mō rātou. Ko te mārama ki te rauropi o te ngahere pāma ko te tirotiro i te tipu o te pāma, me pēhea e whakarerekē ai i ngā āhuatanga o te taiao, me pēhea hoki te hanganga o te ao ora huri noa i a ia.
1. Ko te bamboo hei "kaihoahoa rauropi"
He tarutaru te bamboo (te whānau Poaceae), engari he rite tonu tōna whanonga ki te rākau, he kakau rakau (ngā culms) me te kaha ki te hanga tūnga matotoru. He maha ngā momo bamboo e tipu ana i roto i ngā rhizomes, arā, ngā kakau o raro i te whenua e whakaputa ana i ngā wana hou. I roto i ngā horopaki rauropi, e kiia ana te bamboo he "kaihoahoa rauropi" nā tōna kaha ki te whakarerekē nui i te hanganga o tōna nohoanga.
He āhua motuhake te āhua o ngā tūnga pāmu: kāore i te teitei tonu pērā i ngā ngahere dipterocarp, engari he matotoru hei whakaiti i te nui o te māramatanga e tae atu ana ki te papa o te ngahere. Ka pā tēnei āhuatanga ki ngā momo tipu o raro i te papa ka taea te ora. Ka tupu pai ētahi otaota me ngā rakau iti e ātete ana ki te atarangi, ko ngā tipu ia e hiahia ana ki te māramatanga nui ka noho tahaki. Nō reira, ehara i te mea he rauropi noa iho te pāmu engari he whakatakoto ture anō hoki mō ētahi atu hapori tipu.
2. Ngā whanaketanga tipu: tere, hurihanga, ā, i ētahi wā "pāhūhū"
Ko tētahi o ngā āhuatanga tino whakamiharo o te pāmu ko tōna tere tupu. Ka taea e ētahi wana pāmu te tipu tekau henimita ia rā i ngā wāhanga tōmua, ā, ka eke ki tōna teitei tino pai i roto i te wā poto. Mā tēnei rautaki ka whai painga whakataetae te pāmu: ka taea e ia te whakamahi i ngā āputa mārama i muri i ngā raruraru (hei tauira, ngā whenua horo, te whakawātea whenua, te tahu ahi rānei) i te tere atu i te maha o ngā rākau.
Heoi anō, he mea whakamere anō hoki ngā āhuatanga whakaputa uri o te pāmu. He maha ngā momo e puāwai tahi ana i roto i ngā wā roa (tērā pea he tekau tau), kātahi ka puta he maha o ngā purapura, ā, he maha ngā wā ka mate i muri i te puāwaitanga. Ka hangaia e tēnei āhuatanga he "pūmanawa" ā-taiao: ina puāwai te pāmu, ka piki ake te wātea o ngā purapura, ā, ka taea te whakaoho i te pahūtanga o te taupori o ngā kararehe kai purapura (hei tauira, kiore). I muri i te matenga o te pāmu, ka tino rerekē te hanganga o te nohoanga: ka nui ake te mārama e tomo mai ana, ka piki ake te pāmahana o te mata o te oneone, ā, ka taea e ngā tipu paionia te whakaeke. Mā tēnei huringa ka noho ngā ngahere pāmu hei pūnaha rauropi hihiri, kaua hei pūnaha pumau.
3. Te oneone, te paru, me te huringa matūkai
I runga i te papa o te ngahere pāpaka, he maha ngā wā ka kohia te paru rau pāpaka whaiti, māmā hoki i roto i tētahi paparanga matotoru. Ka pā tēnei paru ki te makuku o te oneone me te tukanga pirau. Ka pirauhia tēnei rauemi rauropi e ngā moroiti oneone—ngā huakita, ngā harore, me ngā kararehe iti pēnei i ngā mite me ngā noke—ka whakahokia ngā matūkai ki te oneone.
He mea nui anō hoki ngā pakiaka me ngā pūtake matotoru o te pāmu ki te pumau o te oneone. I roto i te maha o ngā whenua pukepuke, ka āwhina te pāmu ki te whakaiti i te horo whenua nā te mea ka "herea" e tōna pūnaha pakiaka te oneone. Nō reira, he maha ngā wā ka whakamahia te pāmu ki te tiaki whenua, inā koa i ngā tahataha awa me ngā wāhi e tere ana te horo whenua. Heoi, mā te matotoru rawa o ngā tūnga pāmu ka ārai i te whakaoranga o ētahi atu rākau, nō reira me taurite te whakahaere i waenga i te tiaki oneone me te kanorau o ngā tipu.
4. Te wai, te āhuarangi iti, me te mahi ārai
Ka hangaia e ngā ngahere pāmu he āhuarangi motuhake. Ka whakaitihia e ngā tūāpapa matotoru te kaha o te mārama, ā, ka pupuri i te haumākū teitei ake i ngā parae tuwhera. Heoi anō, me nui te wai e hiahiatia ana e te pāmu kia tere ai tōna tipu. I ētahi wāhi, ka taea e te horapa o te pāmu ki runga i tētahi whenua motuhake te whakarerekē i te taurite wai o te rohe, ka piki ake te urunga o te wai whenua, ka pā ki te rerenga wai o te mata.
I tētahi atu taha, ka taea e te pāpaka e tipu ana i te taha o ngā awa te mahi hei ārai i te taha o te awa: ka pupuri ngā pakiaka i te oneone ki tōna tūranga, ka whakaitihia e te taupoki te kaha pānga o ngā pata ua, ā, ka whakaroahia e ngā otaota te rere o te wai. Nō reira, he horopaki te tūranga o te pāpaka i roto i te whakahaere wai—he tino whai hua ina whakanohoia ki te rohe tika, engari ka raru anō hoki mēnā ka noho hei whenua nui, kāore e tirotirohia.
5. Tukutuku o te ora: ngā kararehe e whakawhirinaki ana ki te pāma
Ehara i te mea ko ngā "rōpū pāpaka nunui" anake ngā ngahere pāpaka, engari he wāhi noho anō hoki mō ngā momo rauropi maha. Ka whakamahia e ngā pepeke kai rau, ngā pepeke keri kakau, me ngā kaiwhakapūhui te pāpaka hei puna kai me te wāhi whakaputa uri. Ka kukume mai ēnei pepeke i ngā kaipahua pērā i ngā pūngāwerewere, ngā manu kai pepeke, me ngā ngārara iti.
He tino kaha te hononga o ētahi kararehe ki te pāmu. I Āhia, e mōhiotia ana te panda nui hei tohu mō te whakawhirinaki ki te pāmu, ahakoa he horopaki motuhake ki ia rohe. I te Tonga-mā-rāwhiti o Āhia, he maha ngā momo mōteatea me ngā manu ka whai hua mai i ngā wana pāmu, ngā wana taitamariki, ngā pepeke rānei e noho ana i roto i ngā tūnga pāmu. He maha ngā kararehe iti e whakamahi ana i ngā uru pāmu hei piringa nā te mea he uaua ki ngā kaipahua nui te uru atu ki roto nā te mea he uaua ki a rātou te uru atu e ngā kaipahua nunui.
Ina nui ngā putiputi o te pāma, ā, ka nui ngā purapura ka puta, ka taea te neke te mekameka kai. Ka noho ngā purapura hei puna pūngao nui mō ngā kiore. Ka pā te pikinga ake o ngā taupori kiore ki te ahuwhenua tangata me ngā kaipahua taiao pērā i ngā nakahi me ngā manu kai. Ko te tikanga o tēnei, ka taea e ngā mahi koiora o te pāma te "ngaru" me te pā ki te taiao-pāpori tangata e karapoti ana i te ngahere.
6. Te taunekeneke ki ētahi atu tipu: te whakataetae me ngā whai wāhitanga mō te whakatipu uri
He maha ngā wā ka whakataetae te pāmu ki ētahi atu rākau me ngā rakau iti. Mā ngā pūtake kaha ka horapa te pāmu, ka whakawhāiti hoki i te wāhi tupu. I ētahi wāhi, ka taea e te mana o te pāmu te whakaiti i te whakaoranga o ngā rākau, inā koa mēnā kāore e taea e ngā wana taitamariki te ora i raro i te marumaru matotoru me te paparanga matotoru o te paru.
Heoi anō, he pai hoki te whakamahi i te pāmu hei "wāhanga whakatōpū" whai hua. Whai muri i tētahi raruraru nui—pērā i te ahi, i te whakawātea whenua rānei—ka taea e te pāmu te whakarato i ngā tipu taupoki tere, hei whakau i te oneone, hei hanga hoki i ngā āhuarangi mātao, makuku hoki. I roto i te wā, ki te mea he āputa, ā, ka heke te pēhanga whakataetae (hei tauira, mā te whakahaere, mā te whakararuraru taiao rānei), ka taea e ngā rākau takitahi te whakatū anō i a rātou anō, ka hanga he mosaic o ngā nohoanga whakauru.
7. Uara mō te tangata: mai i ngā rauemi hanga ki te haumarutanga kai
Ko te uara ahurei o te pāmu ki te tangata kei roto i ōna mahi maha. Ka whakamahia ngā kakau pāmu hei rauemi hanga whare, hei mahi toi, hei taputapu whare, tae atu ki ngā ahumahi hou (ngā mea whakairo pāmu, ngā mea penupenu, me ngā mea whakakotahi). He puna kai whai hua hoki ngā wana pāmu. Hei tāpiri, he kaha te uara ahurea me te ataahua o te pāmu i roto i te maha o ngā hapori.
Mai i te tirohanga taiao, ka taea te whakamahi i te pāpaka hei momo whakahaere pumau mēnā ka whakamahia te kaupapa o te hauhake whiriwhiri. Mā te tapahi i ngā manga tawhito ka taea te whakaoho i te whakaoranga, te pupuri i ngā tūnga hauora, me te ārai i te kīkī ka taea te pehi i te kanorau o ngā tipu. Heoi, ko ngā mahi hauhake kore i whakamaheretia—hei tauira, te tapahi i te mea kāore i te pupuri i ngā pūhui matua—ka kino te hanganga o te nohoanga, ka tere ake te horo, ka whakaiti hoki i te tiaki oneone.
8. Ngā tūmomo mōrearea me ngā wero mō te tiaki taiao
He maha ngā tūmomo mōrearea e pā ana ki ngā ngahere pāpaka, tae atu ki te hurihanga whenua, te wehewehenga o ngā nohoanga, ngā ahi, me te huringa āhuarangi. Ka pāngia te tipu o te pāpaka e te huringa o te ua, ka whakanui ake hoki i te mōrearea o te tauraki, engari ka taea e te pāmahana teitei ake te whakarerekē i te horapa o ngā momo pāpaka me ngā rauropi e whakawhirinaki ana ki a rātou.
Hei tāpiritanga atu, ko te mana nui o te pāma i ētahi wāhi ka waiho hei wero, ka whakararu i te whakaoranga o ngā ngahere taiao kanorau ake. I roto i te horopaki o te whakaoranga, me whakanoho rautaki te pāma: i ētahi wāhi, he hoa tautoko ia ki te whakau i te whenua, i ētahi atu wāhi ia, me whakahaere kia taea ai te whakaora i ngā rākau taketake.
9. Te whakahaere whakaaro nui i ngā ngahere pāpaka
Ko te whakahaere ngahere pāpaka he mea tino pai ki te whakakotahi i te māramatanga taiao me ngā hiahia pāpori-ōhanga. Ko ētahi o ngā mātāpono e taunakihia ana ko: te whakarārangi i ngā momo pāpaka me ngā āhuatanga o te tūnga, te hauhake whiriwhiri me te hurihanga, te tiaki i ngā rohe taha awa, me te pupuri i te mosaic o ngā nohonga hei ārai i te whenua katoa kei whakahaerehia e te momo tūnga kotahi. I ngā wāhi e tere ana te ahi, ko te whakahaere wahie paru me te waihanga i ngā ārai ahi he mahi ārai.
He mea nui anō hoki ngā huarahi ā-hapori nā te mea he maha ngā ngahere pāmu e tata ana ki ngā kāinga noho. Ina whiwhi ngā hapori i ngā painga ōhanga mārama mai i te pāmu—me te kore he kino ki te taiao—ka piki ake te hihiri ki te pupuri i ngā tūnga me te whakaiti i te hurihanga whenua.
Te Katinga
E whakaatu ana te āhua o te taiao o ngā ngahere pāmu, ehara i te mea he tipu tere te pāmu. Ka hanga e ia ngā nohoanga, ka awe i te oneone me te wai, ka waihanga i ngā āhuarangi iti, ā, ka tautoko i tētahi whatunga whānui o ngā rauropi. Mā te kaha o te pua nui me te tipu o ngā rhizome ka huri haere ngā pūnaha taiao o ngā ngahere pāmu, me ngā pānga ka taea te toro atu ki tua atu i ngā hapori huri noa. Mā te whakahaere whakaaro nui—me te whakaute i ā rātou mahi taiao me ō rātou painga ōhanga—ka taea e ngā ngahere pāmu te noho hei tauira mō te tautoko a te taiao me te tangata tetahi i tetahi i roto i tētahi whenua pumau.
