Ngā Pūhiko Waka Hiko me ngā Pūhiko Ranu: Ngā Rerekētanga Matua
Nā te whanaketanga o ngā waka hiko kua mōhio haeretia ngā kupu "waka hiko" (Battery Electric Vehicle/BEV) me te "waka ranu" (HEV, tae atu ki te Plug-in Hybrid/PHEV). Kei muri i ngā hangarau rerekē, kotahi te wāhanga matua e whakatau ana i tana mahi, tōna whai huatanga, tōna utu, tae atu ki tana wheako taraiwa: ko te pākahiko. Ahakoa e rongoa ana te pūngao hiko i roto i ngā waka hiko me ngā pākahiko i roto i ngā waka ranu, he rerekē ngā kaupapa, ngā rahi, me ngā rautaki whakamahinga. Ka matapakihia e tēnei tuhinga ngā rerekētanga matua i waenga i ngā pākahiko waka hiko me ngā pākahiko ranu me te mārama me te mahi.
1) Te Mahi Matua o te Pūhiko i roto i te Pūnaha Puku
I roto i tētahi waka hiko parakore (BEV), ko te pākahiko te pūtake pūngao matua. Ka whakamahia te pūngao hiko mai i te pākahiko hei whakakaha i te motuka hiko i ngā wā katoa. Nō reira, me kaha te pākahiko o te BEV ki te whakarato i tētahi kaha nui mō te whānuitanga e tika ana, me te kaha hoki ki te whakarato i te mana teitei mō te whakatere me te tere.
I roto i ngā waka ranu, ka mahi te pākahiko hei hoa mō te miihini penehīni/tīhi. Ko te miihini tikanga tonu te pūtake hiko matua i te nuinga o ngā wā, ko te pākahiko ia e āwhina ana i te whakaterenga, te tīmatanga, te whakamutu, me te taraiwa puhoi. I roto i ngā waka ranu tikanga (HEV), ko te utu pākahiko ka ahu mai i te aukati whakaora me te miihini. I roto i ngā waka ranu mono-mai (PHEV), ka taea hoki te utu i te pākahiko ki waho, ka taea ai e ia te haere i tētahi tawhiti mā te hiko anake i mua i te tīmatanga o te mahi a te miihini.
2) Te kaha o te pākahiko: Nui, Waenga rānei/Iti
Ko te rerekētanga tino māmā ki te kite ko te kaha.
– Ko te kaha o ngā pākahiko waka hiko (BEV) i te nuinga o te wā kei waenga i te 40–100 kWh (ko ētahi he nui ake), i runga i te tauira me te whānuitanga e hiahiatia ana.
– He iti ake ngā pākahiko ranu (HEV) i te nuinga o te wā, i roto i te awhe 1–2 kWh (ahakoa he rerekē tēnei).
– Kei waenganui ngā pākahiko ranu mono-roto (PHEV): tata ki te 8–25 kWh, nā te mea ko te tikanga kia whakaratohia he tawhiti e hia tekau kiromita i roto i te "aratau hiko".
Nā te nui o te kaha o ngā BEV ka taumaha ake ngā pākahiko, ā, me whai pūnaha whakamatao me te tiaki matatau ake. He rerekē, he iti ake, he māmā ake ngā pākahiko HEV, ā, kāore i te hangaia mō ngā tawhiti taraiwa hiko anake.
3) Rautaki Whakamahinga (Te Hōhonutanga o te Tukunga) me te Ora Ratonga
Ka whakamahia ngā pākahiko BEV hei whakakaha i te waka i ia rā, ko te tikanga ka nui ake te kaha e whakaputaina ana e rātou (te utu me te tukunga). Heoi, ko ngā BEV he mea hanga me ngā pūnaha whakahaere pākahiko matatau (BMS) hei pupuri i te hauora o te pākahiko, hei tauira mā te whakawhāiti i te whakamahinga ki ētahi rohe o runga me raro (ngā ārai). He mea nui anō hoki te whakahaere i te pāmahana, nā te mea ka pāngia te hekenga o te pākahiko e te pāmahana.
I roto i ngā pākahiko ranu, ka mahi ngā pākahiko i roto i tētahi "awhe haumaru" whāiti ake. He maha ngā wā ka pupuri ngā HEV i tētahi taumata pākahiko motuhake (hei tauira, kaua e tino kī, kaua hoki e tino takoto kau) hei whakarato āwhina hiko tere me te whiwhi pūngao whakaora i ngā wā katoa. Nā te iti o te kaha, ka taea te puta pinepine ngā huringa engari i ngā hohonutanga papaku. Ka āwhina tēnei ki te pupuri i te roa o te ora, ahakoa kei te hoahoa me te kounga tonu o te pūtau.
4) Te Whakautu: Te Hanganga Whakautu vs Te Whakaora me te Mīhini
He nui te whakawhirinaki o ngā waka hiko (BEV) ki te utunga o waho: te utunga kāinga (AC) te utunga tere rānei (DC). He rerekē ngā tere utu, mai i ētahi hāora i te kāinga ki ngā tekau meneti i te utunga tere, i runga i te kaha o te utunga me ngā āheinga o te waka.
Ko ngā waka ranu (HEV) kāore e hiahiatia he putanga hiko. Ka utaina te pākahiko e:
– Te aukati whakaora (ka hurihia te pūngao aukati hei hiko)
– Mīhini (mā te whakaputa hiko)
Ka honoa ngā mea e rua e te mono-in ranu (PHEV): ka taea te utu ki waho pērā i te motuka hiko, engari kei a ia tonu he mīhini tārua. He mea tino pai tēnei mō ngā kaiwhakamahi e hiahia ana ki te ngāwari: ka taea te whakamahi i te hiko mō ngā haerenga o ia rā, engari ko ngā haerenga roa ka iti ake te whakawhirinaki ki te rihi.
5) Momo Matū Pūhiko me ngā Whakaritenga Wera
Ka taea e ngā BEV me ngā hybrids te whakamahi i ngā matū pākahiko ōrite, engari he rerekē ngā au o te whakamahinga.
– He maha ngā wā ka whakamahia e ngā BEV te Lithium-ion me ngā rerekētanga matū pēnei i te NMC/NCA (pūngao nui) te LFP rānei (he ātete wera ake, he roa ake te ora, he iti ake te utu, engari he iti ake te mātotoru pūngao).
– Ka whakamahia hoki e ngā momo ranu te Lithium-ion, engari ko ētahi tauira (ina koa ko ngā whakatupuranga tawhito) ka whakamahia te NiMH (Nickel-Metal Hydride) nā te mea e mōhiotia ana he pakari, he haumaru, he pai hoki mō ngā huringa utu-tuku tere.
Mō te whakamatao, ko ngā BEV te tikanga he pūnaha whakamahana uaua ake (he wai te nuinga) nā te mea he nui ā rātou pākahiko, ā, me pupuri tonu i ngā pāmahana tino pai, inā koa i te wā e tere ana te utu. Me whakamatao ngā momo ranu, engari ka māmā ake ā rātou hoahoa nā te iti o te kaha me te kore e maha te whakamahi i ngā "kawenga utu tino tere" pērā i te utu tere DC.
6) Te Mahi a te Pūhiko, te Whai Huatanga, me te Tūranga
I roto i ngā BEV, he hononga tata te mahi ki te pākahiko: ko te kaha whakatere, te tere utu, me te pumau o te mana ina iti te pākahiko, e whakawhirinaki ana ki te hoahoa o te kete, te BMS, me te tere tukunga.
I roto i ngā waka ranu, he "whakatairanga" me te whakaū i te whai huatanga te mahi a te pākahiko. Hei tauira:
– Ina mau i te waka, ka pōturi te neke o te motuka hiko, nō reira me iti ake te tahuri o te miihini.
– I te wā e whakateretere ana, ka āwhina te mōtini hiko i te miihini kia taea ai te whakaiti i te whakapaunga wahie.
– I te wā e pēhi ana i te pēhi, ko te pūngao e ngaro ana hei wera ka whakahokia ki te pākahiko.
Nā reira, kāore ngā motuka ranu e tuku i te āhua "hiko katoa" i ngā wā katoa, engari he maha ngā wā ka tino pai ake te penapena wahie i ngā āhuatanga tū-ā-haere.
7) Te Utu, te Uauatanga, me te Mōrearea o te Maimoatanga
I te nuinga o te wā, he nui ake te utu o ngā pākahiko BEV nā te rahi me te kaha. Heoi, he māmā ake te pūnaha taraiwa ā-ringa o ngā BEV (kāore he miihini mura ā-roto), ā, he iti ake ngā utu tiaki o ia rā (kāore he hinu miihini, he mono mura, me ētahi atu).
He tūranga ahurei ngā waka ranu: he iti ake ā rātou pākahiko (ka taea te whakaiti i ngā utu pākahiko), engari e rua ngā pūnaha taraiwa o ngā waka ranu (mīhini me te hiko). Ka pā pea tēnei uauatanga ki ngā utu tiaki me ngā whakatikatika pea i te wā roa, ahakoa i roto i te mahi, he maha ngā waka ranu e mōhiotia ana mō tō rātou roa o te ora nā ō rātou pūnaha kua pakeke.
Mō ngā PHEV, ka piki ake te uauatanga nā te mea he nui ake te pākahiko i ngā HEV, he putanga utu, engari he miihini tonu. Mena ka utua pinepine ngā kaiwhakamahi, ā, ka whakanuia te aratau EV, ka tino whai hua ngā PHEV. Heoi, ki te kore e utua pinepine, ka taea e te taumaha tāpiri o te pākahiko te whakaiti i te whakapaunga wahie ki te whakataurite ki ngā HEV.
8) Pānga ki te Wāhi Kāpene me te Hoahoa Waka
Ko ngā pākahiko BEV ka whakatakotoria ki runga i te papa (papa reti reti). Mā tēnei ka iti, ka pumau hoki te pokapū taumaha, engari ka nui ake te taumaha o te waka.
I roto i ngā waka ranu, kei raro i te nohoanga o muri, i roto rānei i te pūtu te pākahiko iti ake. Ka whakaitihia te wāhi o te kāpini i tēnei, engari i roto i ētahi tauira, ka whakaitihia pea te kaha o te pūtu ki te whakaritea ki ngā putanga ehara i te ranu.
Whakamutunga
Ko ngā rerekētanga matua i waenga i ngā pākahiko waka hiko me ngā pākahiko ranu kei roto i tā rāua mahi, te kaha, te tikanga utu, me te rautaki whakamahinga. Ko ngā pākahiko BEV te "ngakau" o te waka: he nui, he mea hanga mō te tawhiti me te mana teitei, ā, he tino whakawhirinaki ki te utu o waho. He iti ake ngā pākahiko ranu, ā, he hoa mahi ki te miihini, e whakanui ana i te pai me te whakamahi i te kaha aukati; i roto i ngā PHEV, ka hono te pākahiko i te āputa i waenga i te wheako waka hiko me te ngāwari o te miihini tikanga.
Mena kei te rapu koe i tētahi wheako taraiwa hiko katoa, ā, kua rite koe ki te pupuri i te tikanga utu, ka tukuna e ngā BEV he māmā noa iho, ā, he iti pea ngā utu whakahaere. Mena kei te hiahia koe ki te whai huatanga me te kore e whakawhirinaki nui ki ngā hanganga utu, he kōwhiringa whai hua ngā waka ranu. I taua wā, he pai ngā PHEV mō te hunga e hiahia ana ki ngā "ao e rua": hiko mō te whakamahinga o ia rā, me te miihini mō ngā haerenga roa.
Ki te hiahia koe, ka taea e au te tāpiri i tētahi ripanga whakatairite (te kaha, ngā tauira utu, ngā utu, ngā painga me ngā huakore) ka taea rānei te whakarerekē i tēnei tuhinga ki te horopaki Initonīhia (ngā momo utu, ngā tikanga haere, me ngā whakaaro mō te utu hiko me te utu wahie).
