Ngā Pūhiko Waka Ranu: Me Pēhea te Mahi?
He hononga kei waenganui i ngā waka hiko me ngā waka hiko katoa, nā te pai ake o te whakamahinga o te wahie me te iti o ngā tukunga hiko, kei muri i te pai ake o te whakamahinga o te wahie me te iti o ngā tukunga hiko, kei reira tētahi wāhanga matua e mahi ai tēnei pūnaha: ko te pākahiko waka hiko. He tokomaha e whakaaro ana ki ngā pākahiko hiko he "rokiroki hiko" noa iho, engari he nui ake te hihiri o tā rātou mahi. Ehara i te mea ko ngā pākahiko he rahui hiko anake; he wāhanga rātou o tētahi pūnaha hiko e rere tonu ana—te utu, te tuku, me te whakataurite i te hiahia hiko i te wā tūturu.
He aha te pākahiko waka ranu?
He pākahiko ngaohiko teitei te pākahiko waka ranu e penapena ana i te hiko hei whakakaha i te motuka hiko, hei āwhina i te miihini penehīni, me te tautoko i ngā momo taraiwa penapena hiko. He rerekē ki te pākahiko 12-volt i roto i te motuka noa, e whakakaha ana i ngā pūnaha hiko taketake (rama, oro, me te tīmatanga), he mahi tika tā te pākahiko ranu ki te pana o te waka.
He iti ake te kaha o ngā pākahiko ranu i ērā o ngā waka hiko parakore (EV). Nā te mea kei te whakawhirinaki tonu ngā waka ranu ki te miihini tahunga ā-roto (ICE) hei pūtake hiko matua i roto i ngā āhuatanga maha, ko te pākahiko ia hei pūtake tāpiri hei whakapiki i te pai o te mahi.
Ngā momo pākahiko e whakamahia whānuitia ana
Ko ngā hangarau pākahiko e rua e kitea nuitia ana i roto i ngā waka ranu ko:
1. Nikara-Hairiri Whakarewa (NiMH)
He whānuitia te whakamahinga i roto i ngā waka ranu o mua, ā, kei te whakamahia tonutia nā tōna rongonui mō tōna pakari, tōna pumau, me tōna roa o te ora. Ko ōna ngoikoretanga ko te taumaha teitei ake me te iti o te kaha ki te whakatauritea ki ngā hangarau hou.
2. Ritiuma-ion (Ritiuma-ion)
E piki haere ana te kitea i roto i ngā momo ranu hou nā te mama ake o te taumaha, te nui ake o te kaha, me te pai ake o te whai huatanga o te utu/tuku. Heoi, he tairongo ake te Li-ion ki te pāmahana, ā, me whai pūnaha whakahaere wera ake.
Ka whakawhanakehia hoki e ētahi kaihanga ngā rerekētanga o te matū o te pākahiko kia rite ki ngā whakaritenga mahi, roa o te ora, me te utu, engari ko ngā momo e rua i runga ake nei ngā mea e tino kitea ana.
Ngā wāhanga nui o te pākahiko ranu
Kāore ngā pākahiko ranu e mahi takitahi. Nā te pūnaha o ngā wāhanga ka haumaru, ka whai hua hoki:
– Pūnaha Whakahaere Pūhiko (BMS): Ko te "roro" e aroturuki ana i te ngaohiko, te iahiko, te pāmahana, me te āhua o ia pūtau/kōwae pākahiko. Ka ārai te BMS i te pākahiko mai i te utu nui rawa, te tukunga nui rawa, te wera rawa rānei.
– Kaitahuri/Kaitahuri: Ka huri i te iahiko tika (DC) mai i te pākahiko ki te iahiko tauutuutu (AC) mō te motuka hiko (ka huri rānei i te wā e utu ana). Ka taea hoki e te kaitahuri te whakaheke i te ngaohiko teitei ki te 12V mō te pūnaha hiko o te waka.
– Mōta-Hiko: I roto i te maha o ngā motuka ranu, ka taea e te mōta hiko te mahi hei whakaputa hiko i te wā e aukati ana i te miihini penehīni, e utu ana rānei i te pākahiko.
– Pūnaha whakamatao pākahiko: Ka taea te whakamatao hau, te whakamatao wai rānei, ko te mahi he pupuri i te pāmahana pākahiko pai mō te roa o te ora mahi me te mahi pumau.
Me pēhea te mahi a te pākahiko ranu ina oma te motuka?
Ka taea te whakamārama i te pākahiko ranu hei rautaki "wehewehe mahi" i waenga i te miihini penehīni me te motuka hiko. Ka tatau tonu te pūnaha whakahaere o te waka (Wāhanga Whakahaere Ranu/ECU) i te aratau tino whai hua i runga i te tere, te kawenga, te āhua o te pākahiko, me ngā whakaritenga whakaterenga.
1. Tīmata me te tere iti
I raro i ētahi āhuatanga, ka taea e ngā waka ranu te neke mā te whakamahi i te motuka hiko anake, inā koa ina:
– kua tīmata noa te hikoi,
– te ngoki haere i roto i ngā waka,
– te wāhi waka,
– te tere iti me te kawenga mama.
I tēnei wāhanga, ka tangohia te pūngao mai i te pākahiko ranu hei whakakaha i te mōtini hiko. Ko ngā painga ko te iti o te kai wahie me te mārie o te mīhini.
2. Te whakatere me te piki
Ina hiahia te taraiwa i te kaha ake (hei tauira, ina hipa ana i te motuka, ina piki puke rānei), ko te motuka hiko te nuinga o te wā hei āwhina i te miihini. Ara, ka whakaratohia e te pākahiko he kaha tāpiri hei pupuri i te motuka kia tere te urupare me te kore e nui rawa te mahi a te miihini.
He mea nui tēnei āwhina nā te mea ko ngā miihini penehīni te nuinga o te wā e hiahia ana ki te wahie i te wā e tere haere ana. Mā te āwhina o te motuka hiko, ka taea e te miihini te mahi tata atu ki tōna taumata pai rawa atu.
3. Tere pumau
I ngā tere pumau o te huarahi tere, ka whakawhirinaki ngā pūnaha ranu ki te miihini penehīni hei pūnaha whakatere matua nā te mea he pai te mahi i raro i ngā āhuatanga pumau. Heoi, ka taea e te motuka hiko te āwhina, te whakahaere rānei i ētahi wā, i runga i te hoahoa o te pūnaha ranu.
I tēnei wāhanga, ka taea e te pākahiko te:
– te taumata e mau tonu ana (te āhua o te utu),
– whakakīia mārire mā te mīhini mēnā e tika ana,
– me te whakamahi āta rānei hei pupuri i te whai huatanga.
4. Te whakahekenga me te aukati i te tere whakaora
Koinei tētahi o ngā āhuatanga tino motuhake o ngā waka ranu: te aukati whakaora. Ina tukuna e te taraiwa te whakateretere, ina whakamahia rānei te aukati, ka meinga e te pūnaha te motuka hiko kia mahi hei whakaputa hiko. Ko te pūngao nekeneke e hurihia ana hei wera i roto i ngā aukati tikanga ka hurihia hei hiko, ā, ka rongoatia anō ki roto i te pākahiko.
Kāore e taea e tēnei whakahoutanga te hopu i te 100% o te kaha aukati (he herenga whai huatanga me ngā āhuatanga haumaru), engari he nui hei whakanui ake i te whakapaunga wahie, inā koa i ngā wā e tū ana, e haere ana te waka.
5. Mutu (mutu kore mahi)
Ina tū te motuka i te rama whero, ka taea e te miihini penehīni te whakaweto aunoa (mahi tīmata-mutu) hei penapena wahie. Ka noho tonu te pūnaha hiko, e whakakahangia ana e te pākahiko, ā, ka taea e te miihini te tīmata anō tere ina hiahiatia—he maha ngā wā mā te āwhina o te motuka-whakaputa hiko, kaua ki te tīmatanga noa.
He aha te take kāore te pākahiko ranu e utu mai i te mono (i runga i te pākahiko ranu noa)?
Ko ngā waka ranu "kāore e mono-mai" kāore e hiahiatia kia utua mai i tētahi pūtake hiko o waho nā te mea kua hangaia ā rātou pūnaha hei utu i te pākahiko mā:
– te aukati whakaora, me te
– te whakakī mā te mīhini i raro i ētahi tikanga.
Kāore hoki i te nui te kaha o te pākahiko, nō reira he pai ake mō ngā huringa utu-tuku tere hei āwhina i te whai huatanga, kaua mō ngā tawhiti hiko roa.
He rerekē ki ngā Waka Hiko Ranu Mono-mai (PHEV), he nui ake ā rātou pākahiko, ā, ka taea te utu mā te rihi, ka taea e ngā PHEV te haere i tētahi tawhiti i roto i te aratau hiko parakore i mua i te whakahaere a te miihini penehīni.
Te whakahaere pākahiko: he aha i kore ai e kī te taumata?
He maha ngā taraiwa e kite ana kāore e whakaatu ana te tohu pākahiko ranu i te 100%. Ehara tēnei i te raruraru—he rautaki tēnei. Ko te tikanga, ka pupuri ngā pūnaha ranu i te pākahiko i roto i tētahi awhe (hei tauira, tata ki te 30–80%, e rerekē ana i runga i te kaihanga) kia:
– whakaroa i te ora o te pākahiko,
– kia mau tonu te wāhi "korekore" kia taea ai e te whakahoutanga te tomo mai i te wā e aukati ana,
– karohia te ahotea ki ngā pūtau nā te nui rawa o te whakakī, te tuku rānei i te hiko.
Mā tēnei whakahaere, ka roa ake te ora o ngā pākahiko ranu nā te mea kāore e akiakihia kia mahi i ngā wāhi tino kino.
Te roa o te pākahiko ranu me ngā āhuatanga awe
He nui te pānga o te roa o te pākahiko ranu ki te hoahoa pūnaha, ngā tauira whakamahinga, me te āhuarangi. He maha ngā pākahiko ranu ka roa mō ngā tau me te mahi tika. Ko ngā mea tino whai pānga ko:
– Te pāmahana taiao: ka tere ake te pirau matū o te pākahiko i te wera nui, i te mea ka whakaitihia te mahi a te pākahiko e te makariri nui mō tētahi wā poto.
– Ngā tikanga taraiwa: mā te tū-ā-haere ka puta he whai wāhitanga whakahou i te nuinga o te wā, engari ka kaha ake hoki te huringa mahi a te pākahiko.
– Te tiaki i te pūnaha whakamatao: ka piki ake te pāmahana o te pākahiko nā te mea ka purua ngā tātari pākahiko, ngā awa whakamatao rānei.
– Āhua o te pākahiko 12V: ahakoa he rerekē, ka taea e te pākahiko 12V ngoikore te whakaoho i ngā raruraru hiko maha ka pā ki te pūnaha ranu.
I te hekenga o te pākahiko, ko ngā tohu pea ko te kino haere o te whakapaunga wahie, te iti haere o te āwhina mōtini hiko, te nui haere rānei o te oma o te mīhini.
Te haumaru o te pākahiko ranu
Kua hangaia ngā pākahiko ngaohiko teitei kia tutuki ai ngā paerewa haumaru tino pakari. Kei roto i ēnei ko ngā fiusi, ngā whakawhiti hiko, ngā pūoko pānga, me ngā tikanga pakaru hiko aunoa mēnā ka puta he āhuatanga rerekē. Heoi anō, me mahi tonu ngā whakatikatika, ngā wetewete rānei o ngā pākahiko ranu e tētahi tohunga hangarau whai mātauranga nā te mea he tūponotanga ngaohiko teitei.
Whakatau: ngā pākahiko ranu hei "kaitaurite" pūngao
Ehara i te mea ko te rokiroki hiko anake te mahi a ngā pākahiko waka ranu engari he taputapu taurite hoki e taea ai e ngā miihini penehīni te oma pai ake. Mā te āwhina o ngā motuka hiko, ngā pūnaha whakaora, me ngā mana whakahaere atamai, ka hurihia e ngā pākahiko ranu te whakamahinga o te pūngao: he pai ake, he maeneene ake, he pai ake hoki mō te taiao i ngā waka tuku iho.
Mā te mārama ki tana mahi ka kite tātou ehara te hangarau ranu i te mea he auaha noa iho, engari he hua o te hangarau e whakanui ana i ia pata wahie me ia wā aukati hei pūngao whai hua. Mēnā ka tiakina tika, ka taea e ngā pākahiko ranu te whakarato i ngā painga nui ki te whai huatanga me te whakamarie taraiwa mō te wā roa.
