Ngā Pūhiko Lithium-Ion i roto i ngā Pūnaha Pūngao Whakahou
Kei te tere haere tonu te neke ki ngā pūtake pūngao hou pērā i te rā me te hau, i te mea e rapu ana te ao ki te whakaiti i ngā tukunga waro me te whakaiti i te whakawhirinaki ki ngā wahie pūmua. Heoi, he wero nui kei mua i ngā pūtake pūngao hou: kāore e rite tonu te hanga ki ngā tauira whakamahi hiko. Ka whiti te rā i te awatea, engari ko te nuinga o te wā ka puta te tono hiko i te ahiahi me te ahiahi. Ka pupuhi pōturi hoki ngā hau. Koinei te wāhi e whai wāhi nui ai te rokiroki pūngao, ā, kua puta ake ngā pākahiko lithium-ion (Li-ion) hei hangarau e whakamahia whānuitia ana hei whakaoti i tēnei taupatupatu.
He aha te hiranga o te penapena pūngao?
Me whai taurite tonu ngā pūnaha hiko i waenga i te tuku me te tono. Ki ngā tipu hiko tuku iho, ka taea e ngā kaiwhakahaere te whakanui ake, te whakaiti rānei i te hanga hiko ina hiahiatia. He rerekē, he wā poto noa iho ngā tipu hiko whakahou, e whakawhirinaki ana ki ngā āhuatanga o te rangi. Ki te kore he rokiroki, ka taea te moumou i te kaha tāpiri i ngā wā whakaputa nui, engari ko ngā hapa i ngā wā whakaputa iti me hipoki e te whakaputa wahie pūmua, e ngā kawemai hiko rānei. Mā te rokiroki kaha ka taea te "penapena" i te hiko ina wātea te nui, ā, ka "tukuna" ina hiahiatia, ka whakapai ake i te pono o te pūnaha me te whakanui ake i te whakamahinga o te kaha ma.
He aha te pākahiko Lithium-Ion?
Ko te pākahiko lithium-ion he momo pākahiko ka taea te whakahou e whakamahi ana i te nekehanga o ngā katote lithium i waenga i te irahiko kino (anode) me te irahiko pai (cathode) mā roto i te electrolyte. I te wā e utu ana, ka neke ngā katote ki te anode; i te wā e tukuna ana, ka hoki ngā katote ki te cathode, ka puta he iahiko hiko. E mōhiotia whānuitia ana tēnei hangarau mō tōna kiato pūngao teitei, tōna whai huatanga pai, me ōna huringa utu-tukunga roa ki te whakataurite ki ētahi hangarau pākahiko o mua.
I roto i te horopaki o ngā pūnaha pūngao hou, ka whakauruhia ngā pākahiko Li-ion ki te āhua o tētahi pūnaha rokiroki pūngao pākahiko (BESS), kei roto ko ngā kōwae pākahiko, ngā kaitahuri, ngā pūnaha whakahaere pākahiko (BMS), te whakamatao, te tiaki haumaru, me te pūmanawa whakahaere.
Ngā Painga o ngā Pūhiko Lithium-Ion mō te Pūngao Whakahou
Ko tētahi o ngā painga matua o te Li-ion ko tōna pai o te haere hoki-mai—ko te putanga pūngao ki te whakaurunga ka taea te rerekē mai i te 85–95%, i runga i te hoahoa me ngā āhuatanga whakahaere. Nā tēnei ka tino pai mō ngā tono e hiahia ana kia utua me te tangohia ia rā, pērā i te penapena i te pūngao o te rā i te awatea hei whakamahi i te pō.
He tino tere hoki te wā urupare a ngā pākahiko Li-ion. I roto i ngā mirihekona ki ngā hēkona, ka taea e te pūnaha te werohanga hiko ki roto i te whatunga hei whakau i te auau, i te ngaohiko rānei. He mea nui tēnei āheinga ina nui te urunga mai o te pūngao whakahou, nā te mea ka pāngia te pumau o te whatunga e ngā rerekētanga o te hiko e puta mai ana i te hau me te rā.
Hei tāpiritanga, he mea hanga te Li-ion hei wāhanga iti. Ka taea te whakanui ake i te kaha rokiroki mā te tāpiri i ngā whata pākahiko, i ngā ipu rānei, me te kore e hanga anō i te pūnaha katoa. Mā tēnei ka taea te whakawhānui ake i te mea ka piki haere te hiahia mō te pūngao, ka piki ake rānei te kaha whakaputa hiko hou.
Ngā Tūranga i roto i ngā Taupānga Whatunga me ngā Taupānga i Waho i te Whatunga
I te taumata whatunga hiko, he mahi nui tā ngā BESS e hangai ana ki te Li-ion i roto i ētahi ratonga nui: te nekehanga kawenga, te whakahekenga tihi, te whakahaere auau, te rahui hurihuri, me te whakaurunga pūngao whakahou nui. Hei tauira, ina nui rawa te whakaputanga hiko o te rā i te awatea, ka mimitihia te pūngao e ngā pākahiko; kātahi i te kawenga tihi o te ahiahi, ka tukuna te pūngao, ka whakaiti i te hiahia ki te whakakaha i ngā tipu hiko wahie pūmua.
I taua wā tonu, i roto i ngā pūnaha kore-whatunga hiko pērā i ngā kāinga tūmatanui, ngā moutere iti, ngā whare ahumahi rānei e tawhiti ana i te whatunga hiko, ka honoa ngā pākahiko Li-ion ki ngā panera rā me/ngā tāwhana hau rānei hei whakarato hiko 24-hāora. Ahakoa i mua ko ngā miihini whakaputa hiko tīhiera te poutokomanawa o te tuku hiko, mā te whakakotahitanga o te pūngao whakahou me ngā pākahiko ka taea te whakaiti i te whakapaunga wahie, ngā utu whakahaere, me te parahanga o te hau me te haruru.
Ngā Wero: Te Whakahekenga, te Utu, me te Haumaru
Ahakoa ō rātou painga, kāore he wero mō ngā pākahiko Li-ion. Ko te tuatahi ko te hekenga. Ka heke te kaha o te pākahiko me te maha o ngā huringa me te pakeke o te maramataka, e pāngia ana e ngā āhuatanga pēnei i te hohonu o te tukunga (DoD), te pāmahana whakahaere, te tere utu, me ngā tauira whakamahinga. Mō ngā tono pūngao whakahou, he mea nui te whakahaere huringa atamai mō te roa o te ora o te pākahiko me te utu rokiroki whakataetae (LCOS).
Tuarua, ko te utu. Kua heke haere tonu ngā utu pākahiko Li-ion i roto i te tekau tau kua pahure ake nei nā te nui o te hanga waka hiko me ngā whakapainga o te hanga. Heoi, he nui tonu te haumitanga tuatahi mō te BESS, inā koa mēnā he nui te kaha e hiahiatia ana e te kaupapa mō ngā wā rokiroki roa (hei tauira, 6–12 hāora). Nō reira, he maha ngā pūnaha Li-ion o nāianei e aro ana ki ngā wā 1–4 hāora, he mea tino ohanga mō te tono nui me te pumau o te whatunga hiko.
Tuatoru ko te taha haumaru, inā koa te mōrearea o te rerenga wera—he āhuatanga e piki haere ai te pāmahana o te pākahiko nā te kino o roto, te utu nui rawa, te rahunga rānei o te pūnaha whakamatao. Hei whakaiti i tēnei mōrearea, kua rite ngā BESS hou ki ngā BMS pakari, ngā pūoko pāmahana, ngā pūnaha tinei ahi, te wehewehenga kōwae, me ngā hoahoa ipu e aro ana ki te whakapūmau i te hau me te whakaiti i te horapa wera.
Ngā momo matū Lithium-Ion me ō rātou pānga
Kāore i te ōrite te hanganga o ngā pākahiko Li-ion katoa. He maha ngā matū katote noa, tae atu ki te NMC (nickel manganese cobalt), te NCA (nickel cobalt konumohe), te LFP (lithium iron phosphate), me ētahi atu. Mō ngā tono pūngao whakahou me te BESS, kei te piki haere te rongonui o te LFP nā te pai ake o te pumau o te wera, te roa o te huringa ora, me te iti ake o te whakawhirinaki ki te cobalt. Ahakoa he iti ake te kiato o te pūngao i te NMC, he iti ake te raruraru o tēnei i roto i ngā pūnaha tūmau nā te mea he iti ake te iti o te wāhi i roto i ngā waka.
Ka pā te whiriwhiringa o te matū o te pākahiko ki te hoahoa pūnaha, ngā whakaritenga whakamatao, ngā utu, me ngā rautaki whakahaere. Ko ngā kaupapa e aro ana ki te haumaru me ngā huringa o ia rā kaha ka whiriwhiri i te LFP, ko ngā kaupapa e aro nui ana ki te kiato nui i roto i te wāhi iti ka whakaaro pea ki ētahi atu matū.
Te Whakaurunga ki te Inverter me te Whakahaere Pūngao
Kia taea ai e te pākahiko te taunekeneke ki ngā kawenga o te whatunga hiko, ki ngā kawenga o te whare rānei, me whakamahi he kaitahuri hiko hei huri i te iahiko tika (DC) mai i te pākahiko ki te iahiko whakawhiti (AC). Mā te Pūnaha Whakahaere Pūngao (EMS) ka whakatau i te wā e utua ana, e tukuna ana rānei te pākahiko i runga i ngā matapae huarere, ngā utu hiko, ngā āhuatanga whatunga hiko, me ngā hiahia o te kaiwhakamahi. Mā te raupaparorohiko tika, kāore te pākahiko e penapena noa i te pūngao engari ka arotau hoki i ngā utu hiko, ka whakaiti i ngā kawenga tino nui, ā, ka pupuri i te kounga o te hiko.
I roto i te tauine ā-whare, mā te whakamahi i ngā pākahiko Li-ion me ngā panera rā ka nui ake te whakamahinga hiko. Ka taea e ngā kaiwhakamahi te whakamahi i te hiko nui ake mai i ā rātou ake panera rā, me te whakaiti i ngā kaweake ki te whatunga hiko, inā koa he iti, he kore rānei e wātea ana ngā utu kaweake.
Te Hangarua me te Whakapūmautanga
Ko tētahi pātai matua e ara ake ana ko: he pēhea te "kakariki" o ngā pākahiko lithium-ion? Ko te whakautu kei runga i te mekameka tuku rauemi, te pūtake pūngao mō te whakaputa, me te pūnaha hangarua. Kei roto i ngā pākahiko ngā rauemi whai hua pēnei i te lithium, te nikara, te kobalta (i roto i ētahi matū), te parahi, me te konumohe. Kei te tere haere te tipu o te umanga hangarua ki te whakaora i ēnei rauemi me te whakaiti i te hiahia mō te keri hou.
Haunga te hangarua, kei te whakatinanahia hoki te ariā o te "ora tuarua": ka taea tonu te whakamahi i ngā pākahiko waka hiko kua whakamahia me te kaha iti (hei tauira, ki te 70–80%) mō ngā tono tūmau kāore e hiahia ki te mahi tino pai. Mā tēnei ka roa ake te ora o te pākahiko i mua i te hangaruatanga.
Ngā Tirohanga ā-Mārama: Mai i ngā Wā Roa ki ngā Hangarau Hou
I ngā rā kei te heke mai, e matapaetia ana ko ngā pākahiko Li-ion te poutokomanawa o te rokiroki pūngao mō te wā poto ki te wā waenga. Mā te whanaketanga rauemi, ngā whakapainga hanga, me te tauine whakaputa ka pai ake te mahi me te whakaiti i ngā utu. I taua wā, ko te hiahia mō te rokiroki pūngao roa hei wikitoria i ngā wā iti o te rā, o te hau rānei, ka akiaki pea i te whakakotahitanga o ngā hangarau, pērā i ngā pākahiko rere, te hauwai matomato, te rokiroki wera, tae noa ki te wai pupuhi.
Heoi, i roto i ngā āhuatanga maha, ka noho tonu te Li-ion hei whiringa pai rawa atu nā tōna pakari hangarau, tōna mekameka tuku kaha, me ōna āheinga urupare tere mō te whakaū i te whatunga hiko—he mahi tino nui i roto i ngā pūnaha hiko hou.
Whakamutunga
He mahi nui tā ngā pākahiko lithium-ion ki te whakateretere i te whakamahinga o te pūngao hou. Mā te pai o te mahi, te tere o te urupare, me te hoahoa ā-pūrere, ka āwhina te Li-ion ki te wikitoria i te wā poto o te hiko o te rā me te hau, ka whakapai ake i te pono o te whatunga hiko, ā, ka whakatuwhera i te urunga atu ki te hiko ma mō ngā rohe tūmatanui. Ahakoa e pāngia ana e ngā wero pēnei i te hekenga, ngā utu tīmatanga, me ngā take haumaru, ko ngā whanaketanga hangarau, te whakahaere pūnaha atamai haere, me ngā whanaketanga i roto i te hangarua kei te hanga i ngā pākahiko Li-ion kia nui ake te hiranga me te pumau. I te huarahi ki tētahi pūnaha pūngao iti-waro, ehara ngā pākahiko lithium-ion i te mea he tāpiri noa iho, engari he wāhanga matua ka taea ai e te pūngao hou te noho hei puna hiko pono.
